
Gass FW^ 



Book ' E\^ 



f 



HISTORY 



STATE OF NEW YORK, 



FROM THE 



FIRST DISCOVERY OF THE COUNTRY 



PRESENT TIME 



BY F. S. EASTMAN, 



DESIGNED FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS J^NIfcri^B-P^MILIES. 

NEW YOrS^', . 

PUBLISHED BY E. iBLrS^S*. 

SOLD BY HIM, AND COLLIK-S AND CO.', WHITE, GALLAHER AND 
WHITE, COLLINS AND HANNAT, NEW YORK ; W. C. LITTLE, 
ALBANY; HASTINGS AND TRACY, AND WILLIAM WIL- 
LIAMS, UTICA; BEMI3 AND WARD, CANANDAIGUA; 
E. PECK AND CO. ROCHESTER; AND DAY, FOLLET 
AND HASKINS, BUFFALO; 

1828. 



/ 



SOUTHERIV DISTRICT OF IVEW YORK, S8. 

Be it remembered, that on the twentieth day of October, 
A. D. 1S28, in the fifty third year of the Independence of the United 
States of America, Jajiies Conner, of the said District, has 
deposited in this office the title of a book, the right whereof he 
claims as proprietor, in the words following, to wit : 

'■': A History of the State of New York, from the first discovery of 
the country to the present time." 

In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, 
entitled " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing 
the copies of maps, charts and books, to the autliors and pro- 
prietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned ;'* 
and also to an act, entitled, " An act supplementary to an act, 
entitled an act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the 
copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors 
of such copies during the times therein mentioned ; and extending 
the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving and etch- 
ing historical :ind other prints." 

TTRvn T TivTTQ \ ^^^^^^ of the Southern 
FRLD.J.BETIS,^^.^^^.^^ o/^Veio York. 






€OI?^TE]^TS. 



Preface, 



CHAP. I. 

NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. 

Boundaries. Situation and Extent. Climate. Face of the Country. 
Mountains. Soil and Productions. Rivers. Lakes. Isl- 
ands, • • 

CHAP. n. 

NATURAL GEOGRAPHY — CONTINUED. 

Mineralogy. Salt Springs. Medicinal Waters. Botany. Natural 
Curiosities, 1^ 

CHAP. HI. 

NATURAL GEOGRAPHY — CONTINUED. 

JVative Animals. 

Mastodon. Moose. Bear. Wolf. Cougar. Wolverene. Cata- 
mount. Wildcat. Raccoon. Martin. Deer. Fox. Hare. 
Rabbit. Porcupine. Woodchuck. Skunk. Weasel. Squirrel. 
Mouse. Ermine. Beaver. Musk-Rat. Mink, Otter. Fish. 
Birds. Insects. Serpents, and Reptiles, . . . .19 

CHAP. IV. 

VIEW OF THE COUNTRY AT THE TIME OF ITS DISCOVERY BY 
HUDSON. 

State of the country. Aborigines. Iroquois. Their Confederacy. 
Antiquities, Inference. Their authors, and origin of the Indian 
race, 30 



IV CONTENTS. 

CHAP. V. 

DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 

Discoveries of Columbus and the Cabots. Great River discovered 
by Hudson. Hudson detained in England. Dutch trade to the 
Great River. Licensed Trading Company. First Settlement. 
West India Company. New Netherland. First Governor. Van 
Twiller's Administration. Kieft Stuyvesant. New Netherland 
surrendered to the English, 41 

CHAP. VI. 

FROM 1665 TO 1710. 

Administration of Nichols. Lovelace. New York retaken by the 
Dutch, and soon after restored to the English. Andros. Don- 
gan. Revolution. Leisler. Sloughter. Bellomont. War with 
the French, &c. 53 

CHAP. VII. 

FROM 1710 TO 1743. 

Hunter's administration. Expedition against Canada. Administra- 
tion of Burnet, Montgomery, Crosby, and Clarke, . . 64 

CHAP. VIII. 

FROM 1743 TO 1760. 

George Clinton appointed Governor. War with France. Expedition 
against Louisburg. Incursions of the French and Indians. Ope- 
rations of the war in 1746. Capture of the French fleet. Indian 
depredations. Termination of the war. Osborne appointed 
Governor, dies, and is succeeded by Delancey. Hostilities again 
commenced with the French. Colonial Convention. Hardy 
appointed Governor. Colonies prosecute the war, . . 77 

CHAP. IX. 

CONTINUATION OF THE FRENCH WAR. 

Formal declaration of war. Campaign of 1756, and capture of Oswe- 
go. Campaign of 1757, and capture of Fort William Henry. 
Expedition against Ticonderoga. Capture of Fort Frontenac. 
Campaign of 1759. Surrender of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 



CONTENTS. V 

Capture of Niagara. Wolfe's expedition against Quebec. War 
terminated in 1760 by the entire conquest of Canada, . . 91 

CHAP. X. 

FROM 1760 TO 1775. 

Prospects of the Colony. Controversy relative to the New Hamp- 
shire Grants. Opposition from the settlers. Stamp Act. Con- 
gress at New York. Disturbances occasioned by the Stamp Act. 
Stamp Act repealed. Assembly restrained. Further attempts to 
tax the Colonies. Controversy with the Grants becomes serious. 
Parties prevented from proceeding to hostilities by the contro- 
versy with Great Britain, lOS 

CHAP. XI. 

COMMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 

Origin of the controversy with Great Britain. State of affairs in the 
colony. Convention appoint delegates to the Provincial Con- 
gress. War breaks out at Lexington. Disturbances in New 
York. Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Gov. Tryon 
arrives. Expedition against Canada. Surrender of Chambly, 
St Johns and Montreal, Montgomery appears before Quebec. 
His death. Inhabitants of Tiyon county disarmed. Provincial 
troops enter New York. Americans evacuate Canada. Decla- 
ration of Independence, 114 

CHAP. XII. 

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. FROM 1776 TO 1778. 

Disposition of British and American troops at New York. Battle on 
Long Island, Amei'icans evacuate New York. Americans con- 
tinue to retreat. Fort Washington taken by the British. Ope- 
rations on Lake Champlain. Convention adopt the State Con- 
stitution. Commencement of the northern campaign in 1777. 
Invasion of Burgoyne. His capture. Enterprise of Clinton. 
State Government organized, 126 

CHAP. XIII. 

REVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED TO ITS TERMINATION. 

Legislative proceedings. Revival of Controversy relative to the 
Grants. Treaty of Alliance with France. British army conrpn 



VI CONTENTS. 

trated at New York. French fleet arrives. Campaign of '79. 
Operations at Stoney Point and Verplank's. Expedition against 
the Indians. Campaign of 1780. Depredations of the Royal 
Army. Arnold's Treachery. Campaign of '81. Capture of 
Cornwallis. * Independence acknowledged, . . . 141 

CHAP. XlV. 

FROM 1783 TO 1812. 

Condition of the country at the close of the war. Organization of 
the General Government. Internal concerns of the State. Set- 
tlement of the Vermont controversy. Agriculture, Arts, Manu- 
factures, and Commerce. Civil Policy. Attention of the Legis- 
lature directed to the subject of Internal Navigation, . . 163 

CHAP. XV. 

WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 

War declared. Preparation for the invasion of Canada. Battle of 
Queenstown. Capture of York and Fort George; Operations 
on the Lakes. Battles of Bridgewater, Chippewa and Platts- 
burg. Termination of the war. Commencement and completion 
of the Northern and Erie Canals, .... 187 

GENERAL VIEWS. 

Constitution and Laws. Political divisions. Cities and Villages- 
Agriculture, Manufactures, Commerce, Canals. Banks. Mili- 
tia. Education. Literary Institutions. Religion. Population. 
Character, 209 

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 

Sketches of the lives and characters of some distinguished men in 
the colony and state of New York, .... 254 

List of the Governors and Lieutenant Governors of the Colony and 
State of New York, with the time of their appointments, . 278 



PREFACE 



The present volume is offered to the citizens 
of New York as a humble contribution to the 
means of educating youth. It is the opinion 
of the Compiler that History may be most 
successfully taught, by beginning with details 
concerning the spot where the pupil lives. — 
The knowledge also of what belongs to the 
story of " our own, our native land," is not only 
interesting, but in the highest degree useful 
and necessary. 

So far as the Compiler of this volume is in- 
formed, there is no work on the History of 
New York, susceptible of introduction into 
schools, or capable of conveying, even to mature 
minds, an outline of the subject. An attempt 
therefore to supply what seems an obvious 
blank in the list of books for education, in this 
State, vi'ith whatever degree of success it may 
be executed, it is thought will be looked upon 
with favor. 

In preparing the work, the Compiler could 
of course aim only to give an abstract of the 
subject; and his endeavor has been therefore 
merely to exhibit the principal events which be- 
long to the History of the colony and State of 



Vlll PREFACE. 



New York, in the most simple terms. He has 
adopted the plan of several popular historical 
works, in giving two sizes of type, the principal 
features being in large, and inferior details in 
smaller, type. He has also, to avoid swelhng 
the size of the volume, inserted a few articles 
in a still smaller type. 

It will be seen by the references, that the 
compiler has made free use of the works of 
various authors ; he pretends to little originality 
and offers his production to the public in the 
sincere hope that it may prove useful. 

It is perhaps proper to make one further 
remark. In a v/ork of this nature, it seemed 
that the Compiler should not seek minutely to 
detail the policy or exhibit the springs and 
motives of government, but should in general 
restrict himself to a plain exhibition of facts 
and events. It would be in vain to make a 
pupil comprehend the tangled maze o^ politics^ 
even if it could be developed within the limits 
necessarily assigned to the present volume. 
The intricacies of the machine of government 
form a study which belongs to riper years, 
and more mature minds, and is therefore left 
for some other historian. 

It is probable that some inaccuracies may 
be noticed. If the work is well received, it 
will be the compiler's care to render future 
editions more w^orthy of pubUc favor. 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

CHAP. I. 
NATURAI. GEOGRAPHY. 

Boundaries. Situation and Extent, Climate, 
Face of the Couyitry, Mountains, Soil and 
Productions, Rivers. Lakes, Islands, 

Sec. I. Boundaiies, New York is bounded 
by Pennsylvania^ New Jersey, and Long Island 
Sound on the South. Connecticut, Massachu- 
setts, Vermont, and Lake Champlain on the 
East. Lower Canada, the St. Lawrence^ 
Lake Ontario, Niagara river. Lake Erie, and 
Pennsylvania on the North and West. 

Sec. ti. Situation and Extent, This state is 
situated betv/een Lat. 40° 40^ and 45^ North, 
and between Long. 73° and 79° 66' West. The 
length of the state on the parallel of 42° is 340 
miles, and the greatest breadth from north to 
south 304. It contains, exclusive of islands, 
about 45,000 square miles. It is one of the 
largest of the United States, and the only one, 
which extends from the Atlantic to the western 
Lakes. 



I. How is New York bounded? 

II. How is it situated? What is its extent? How many 

square miles does it contain ? What is its size compared with the 

other states ? 

1 



>J HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. III. Climate, New York, extending 
through more than four degrees of latitude, 
presents a considerable diversity of climate, 
it is cold in the north towards the St. Law- 
rence ; but milder in the southeast, and in the 
country lying on the shore of Lake Ontario. 
The greatest range of the thermometer is from 
24° below to 95° above the cipher of Faren- 
heit. 

The climate of the counties between Lake Ontario and 
Pennsylvania is much warmer, than that of those farther 
east in the same latitude. The earliest forest trees in this 
tract put forth their leaves about the first of May ; and the 
oak and other late trees by the 20th. 

The shallow ponds and brooks usually freeze in Octo- 
ber, and snow commonly falls by the last of November, 
but seldom during the winter exceeds a foot in depth. 
Cattle are sometimes kept in pastures till January, and on 
the Genesee flats nearly the whole winter. 

The fever and ague is the most common disease through- 
out the state. It prevails on the Hudson, lake Cham- 
plain, on the Mohawk and the St. Lawrence, on the Che- 
nango and the Oswego, on the Genesee and the Niagara. 
This disease is however becoming less frequent, than 
formerly, and in many places, where but a few years since, 
its r>revalence was severely felt, it now very seldom oc- 
curs. 

The country, betv/een Pennsylvania and lake Ontario, 
is the most unhealthy partofthe state. Malignant bilious 
fevers are common, and prove extremely prejudicial to 
stranfrers. This is particularly true on the banks of the 
Genesee, and on the low lands in the vicinity of the lakes. 
They sometimes occur between the Champlain and the 
St. Lawrence. 



III. What is said oftlie climate ? Of the. counties between Lake 

Ontario and Pmnsylvania ? What is the most common disease? 

Where does it prevail ? ^What is said of this disease ? What 

is the most unhealthy part of the slate? What fevers are 

common ? — —In what other parts do they occur? 



NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. 3 

Sec. IV. Face of the Country, The face of 
the country exhibits an interesting variety, but 
is less nnountainous, than many other parts of 
America. The Catskill Mountains in the 
eastern part of the state are the principal range. 
The western part generally presents a level, or 
moderately undulating surface. 

The southeastern part of the stale particularly between 
the Hudson and Chenango, may be characterized as moun- 
tainous. A narrow tract near the Pennsylvania line is 
generally hilly. From this to lake Ontario the country 
is mostly level, and contains no elevation deserving the 
name of a mountain. 

The northwestern part of the state, between lakes Erie 
and Ontario, presents a remarkable singularity of surface. 
Lake Erie is more than 300 feet above lake Ontario, and 
the country around proportionably higher. The descent 
towards lake Ontario is not irregular and imperceptible ; 
but is made by three successive pitches, or steeps, with a 
wide interval of level land between ihera. 

The upper, or southern pitch commences at Buffalo, at 
the mouth of lake Erie, and runs north of east stretching 
round the mouth of Canandaigua lake to the west side of 
the Seneca, thence south to the high grounds of the 
Tioga. 

The middle pitch commences at the Falls of Niagara, 
and, after an eastern course of about 50 miles, takes a 
southerly direction to the Genesee; thence north of the 
Seneca, Cayuga, Skeneateles, and Otisco lakes, and in 
an eastern direction to the hills, from whose southern de- 
clivities, flow the Chenango andUnadilla. 

The northern, or lower pitch branches from the middle 
one near the Eighteen Mile Run, (a stream, which 
empties eighteen miles east of the Niagara,) and diverg- 



IV. What is said of the face of the country ? What is the princi- 
pal range of mountains ? What is said of the western part of the 

state? What part of the state is mountainous 7 What part 

M hilly, and what level 7 What singularity of surface in the 

northwestern part 7 — —Describe the southern pitch. The middle. 

The northern. ^ 



4 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

ing northward, proceeds with a progress sometimes in- 
distinct to the lower falls of the Genesee, thence eastward 
to, the falls of the Oswego, 12 miles from its mouth. 

The northeastern part of the state is generally hilly ; 
and the height of land betwen Champlain, and the St. 
Lawrence presents a range of mountains of considerable 
elevation. A tract about 30 miles wide on the banks of 
the St. Lawrence is uneven. At that distance it becomes 
rough and broken. 

Sec. v. Soil and Productions. The soil of 
New York is generally fertile, and well adapted 
to the purposes of agriculture. The country 
between the Seneca and Cayuga lakes, the 
valley of the Chenango, the extensive flats of 
the Genesee, and the lands along Black river, 
in richness of soil are second, perhaps, to none 
in America. 

West of the Genesee the soil is less uniformly good. 
That near lake Ontario is the best. An extensive tract, 
in the eastern part of the state, including the counties of 
Rensselaer, Columbia, Green, Schoharie, Albany and 
Schenectady is but indifferent. The country along the 
Mohawk west of the Oneida village is very rich. The 
plains of Herkimer have long been justly celebrated for 
their fertility. 

Wheat is the most important production, and 
is extensively cultivated throughout the state. 
It is raised on the flats of the Genesee with 
unparalleled facihty, and in quality surpassed 
by none. 

Many parts of the state are well adapted to grazing. 
Maize, rye, and barley are generally cultivated with suc- 

What is said of the northeastern part 7 

V. What is the character of the soil ? What parts remarkably- 
fertile ? What is said of the soil west of the Genesee? WJiat 

part is best? M^hat part is mentioned as indifferent? 

What is said of the country along ihe Mohawk ? 

What is the most important production ? 



NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. »> 

cess. In the counties southeast of the Chenango, the 
hills are covered with fine timber, and when cleared af- 
ford excellent pasture. The intervening valleys produce 
grass, and the various kinds of grain in abundance. 

Sec. VI. Rivers. This state contains many 
noble streams, and is watered by some of the 
most celebrated rivers of America. On the 
western and northern boundaries are the Ni- 
agara and the St. Lawrence. The Allegany, 
Susquehannah, and Delaware rise in the south 
part of the state. The western part contains 
the Genesee, Oswego, and Black rivers ; and 
the eastern part the Saranac, Hudson, and 
Mohawk. 

The Niagara river is the outlet of lake Erie, and runs 
north about 30 miles to lake Ontario ; embracing Grand 
and Navy islands, and receiving the Tonnewanta creek 
from the east. Three miles from lake Erie, it is 7 fur- 
longs in width, and its average depth 21 feet, with a cur- 
rent of 6 miles an hour. 

Eighteen miles from lake Erie, are the celebrated Falls 
of Niagara. For a mile above the great pitch, the bed 
of the river sinks gradually 57 feet, causing grand and 
fearful rapids. It is then suddenly depressed, forming a 
precipice of about 160 feet from bank to bank. On the 
brink of the precipice is a small island,* which divides 
the stream, and presents, for 150 yards, a perpendicular 
front of rock, fragments of which lie in confusion at 
its base. 

Table Rock is on the Canada bank, and presents the 
most interesting view of this sublime spectacle. Looking 
up the river, you behold it tumbling with strange mag- 
nificence over the ledges of rocks, which from this point 

* Goat Island. 

What other productions ate menlionedl 

VI. What is said of the rivers of this state ? What rivers on the 

northern and western boundaries ? What rise ^in the south part? 

What are contained in the western part ? In the eastern I 

Describe the J\^ia^ara.~ Give some account of the Falls. 

1* 



O HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

appear close together, and to constitute a single unbroken 
cataract. The immense mass of waters, greatly increased 
in rapidity by this descent, and still more by the contrac- 
tion of the river, rolls with an almost instantaneous mo- 
tion to the brow of the precipice, and shoots many yards 
beyond, as it falls over it into the abyss below. 

If you then dare approach the verge of the rock and 
look down into this " hell of waters " you behold its bil- 
lows of foam bounding in agony, and sending up columns 
of mist to the very clouds; while the depth of this tre- 
mendous chasm, the roar of the cataract, above all, the 
inconceivable exertion of power, overwhelm the mind with 
emotions of sublimity and grandeur. 

The quantity of water passing the falls is estimated at 
G70,"3o5 tons per minute, and the width of the stream, in- 
cluding the island, at 1410 yards. The channel on the 
American side of the island is the widest, and has the 
greatest perpendicular descent ; though four fifths and 
]>erhaps a still larger proportion of the waters pass on the 
Canadian side. 

The depth of the river beneath the fall is probably far 
greater,- than its height; since the tallest trees descending 
perpendicularly are lost for several minutes beneath the 
water, before they reappear. The banks of the river be- 
low are on both sides perpendicular, of solid rock, and of 
the same height with the falls. They continue about the 
same height 7 miles to dueenstown. 

The St. Lawrence is the outlet of lake Ontario, and 
for a considerable distance constitutes the northern boun- 
dary of New York. If considered as rising at the 
source of the St. Louis, it is 2000 iniles in length, and in 
its quantily of water surpassed by no river in North Amer- 
ica. 

The Hudson rises in the northern part of the state, be- 
tween lake Champlain and the St. Lawrence, and runs 
south 250 miles to the Atlantic. It is navigable for ships 
130 miles to Hudson, and for sloops 36 miles further to 
Troy. The tide in this river flows 160 miles. 

The Mohawk rises in the northern part of Oneida 
county 8 miles from Black river. Its course is south of 

Describe the St, Lawiencc. The Hudson. The Mohawk. 



NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. 7 

east 150 miles to the Hudson. It runs in a deep ravine, 
and is wild and impetuous. There is generally along 
its banks a vale of rich soil, but in many places, spurs 
from the neighboring hills project themselves to the shore 
of the river. 

The chief tributaries of the Mohawk from the north are* 
Great and Little Canada creeks. The former empties at 
Herkimer, and the latter 13 miles below. They run in 
deep ravines, are long, rapid and unnavigable. On the 
south, the Schoharie descending from the Catskill moun- 
tains rolls northward with the impetuosity of a torrent, 
and joins the Mohawk at Fort Hunter. 

The Genesee rises in Pennsylvania, and pursues a 
northerly course of 120 miles to lake Ontario. It has 
several interesting cataracts. At Rochester is a perpen- 
dicular descent of 96 feet. In spring this river is a tor- 
rent ; in autumn, it is nearly dry. 

The Oswego is formed by the union of the Oneida and 
Seneca rivers, and runs northwest 45 miles to lake Onta- 
rio. Through the Oneida river, it receives the waters of 
the lake of that name, and through the Seneca river the 
waters of the Seneca, Cayuga, Owasco, Skeneateles, and 
Otisco lakes. The courses of these branches are very 
irregular. 

Black river rises near the source of Great Canada creek 
and after an irregular course of more than 100 miles falls 
into lake Ontario. The Oswegatchie, Racket, and 'seve- 
ral other considerable rivers fall into the St. Lawrence. 

Big Chazy, Saranac, and Sable rivers fall into lake 
Champlain. The Chenango and Tioga are branches of 
the Susquehannah. Cataraugus and Buffalo creeks are 
considerable streams falling into lake Erie. The Tonne- 
wanta after a course of 40 miles falls into the Niagara. 
It is navigable for boats 28 miles. 

Sec. VII. Lakes, Erie, Ontario, and Cham- 
plain, each form a part of the boundary of 
He\Y York. In the interior are several lakes 

Describe the Genesee. The Oswego. — —Black river. What 

others are mentioned ? 

VII, \A'hat Lakes form a part of the boundary of New York? What 

in the interior ? 



O HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

inferior in size, but generally adapted to the 
purposes of internal navigation. Oneida, 
Seneca, and Cayuga are among the most 
important. 

Lake Erie is 200 miles long, and 710 in circumference. 
It contains a large number of islands, and abounds with 
fish. It is of more dangerous navigation than the others 
on account of the rocks, which project into the water for 
many miles together, from the northern shore, affording no 
shelter from storms, which, at some seasons, are very fre- 
quent. 

Lake Ontario is of an oval form about 160 miles in 
length, and 450 in circumference. Its banks are in many 
places precipitous. The southern shore is covered prin- 
cipally with beech trees, and the soil appears fertile. This 
lake abounds with several varieties of fish. Lake Cham- 
plain is 100 miles in length, and from I to 25 in breadth. 

Lake George is 37 miles long, and from 1 to 7 broad. 
On each side it is skirted by lofty mountains. Its banks 
are uncommonly handsome, and the water so transparent, 
that the bottom is visible at almost any depth. It embo- 
soms more than 200 beautiful islands, most of which are 
covered with groves of pine, cedar, and hemlock. It falls 
into lake Champlain by a channel 3 miles in length, dur- 
ing which its waters descend more than 100 feet. 

Oneida lake is 20 miles long, and 5 broad. From the 
south it receives the waters of Cazenovia lake through 
the Cbitteningo. 

Seneca lake is 40 miles long, and from 2 to 3 wide. 
Its outlet, the Syracuse runs north of east 12 miles, and 
falls into Cayuga lake near its mouth. Crooked lake is 

15 miles long, and from 1 to 2 wide. A short stream 
connects it with the Seneca. 

Cayuga lake is 40 miles long, and from 2 to 4 broad. 
Onondaga, or salt lake, is 6 miles long, and 1 broad. On 
the southwest it receives the waters of the Otisco by a stream 

16 miles long, and at the north end flows through a short 
ohannel into Seneca river. Skeneateles lake, 14 miles 

Mention the most important lakes. 

Describe Lake Erie. Ontario George Oneida 

Seneca Cayuga. 



NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. 9^ 

long and 1 broad, and the Ovvasco, 11 miles long and I 
broad, are also discharged into Seneca river. 

Canandaigua lake is 15 miles long, and nearly 2 broad. 
Chatauque lake lies 9 miles from lake Erie, and is 18 
miles long and 3 broad. Its waters flow from Conewan- 
go creek into the Allegany river. Boats go from the head 
of this lake to New Orleans. 

Otsego and Caniaderago lakes are the two sources of 
the Susquehannah. The first is 9 miles long and 1 wide. 
The other is nearly as large, Oswegatchie lake is 18 
miles long and nearly parallel with the St. Lawrence. 

Sec. VIII. Islands. The principal islands 
are Long Island east of the city of New York, 
Staten Island west of New York bay ; Man- 
hattari or York Island on which the city of 
New York stands, and Grand Island in the 
Niagara river. 

Long Island is about 140 miles long, and on an ave- 
rage about 10 broad. It is separated from Connecticut 
by the Sound, from York island by East river, and from 
Staten island by the Narrows. A ridge of hills extends 
through the north side, but the island is generally level. 
The soil is poor, and in many places not worth cultiva- 
ting. 

Manhattan is 15 miles long, and from 1 to 2 in width. 
It is separated from the Jersey shore by Hudson's, and 
from Long Island by East river. 

Staten Island, 9 miles south of Manhattan, is 18 miles 
long, and from 6 to 7 broad. It is generally rough and 
hilly. On the south side is a considerable tract, which is 
level, and tolerably fertile. 

Grand Island is 6 miles long and 3 broad. It has a 
good soil. The south end is 4 miles from Buffalo. 



Describe Canandaio;ua Lake. What others are rt\entioned? 

VIII. What are the principal Islands belonging to this state ? 

Describe Long Island Manhattan What others are men^ 

Honed 7 



10 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

CHAP. II. 
NATURAL GEOGRAPHY— CONTINUED. 

Mineralogy. Salt Springs. Medicinal Waters. 
Botany. Natural Cunosities. 

Sec. I. Mineralogy. The mineral resources 
of the state have, as yet, been very imperfectly 
investigated, and many parts of this extensive 
country remain totally unexplored. Wherever 
inquiries have been made, they have generally 
resulted in the most brilhant success. 

Of Iron there is an inexhaustible quantity in the high- 
lands, and in different parts of the state, as far as Indiaa 
River, or west branch of the Oswegatchie. The ore on 
the borders of lake Champlain, and in the highlands gives 
a metal of a very superior quality. 

Marble of great value, on account of its quality and 
colour, abounds in the counties of Ulster, Dutchess, and 
Washington. A vein of a dove colour, full of scallops, or 
pcctivites, has been discovered in the vicinity of Ontario 
in Jefferson county. Black marble, with white spots, is 
found at Marbletown in Ulster county, at Granville in 
Washington county, and at Ticonderoga. 

Limestone abounds in various places. Magnesian lime- 
stone is found near the city of New York. Fetid carbonate 
of lime in Dutchess county ; also, near Ticonderoga, and 
the Fails of Niagara. 

Clay is widely diffused throughout the state, and exists 
in a considerable number of varieties. Fine white Pzpc 
Clay is found on Black River. Gypsum, (sulphate of 
lime,) abounds in the western country, and a large vein 

I. What is said of the mineral resources of this state ^ What 

has been the result of inquiries? 

What is said of Iron 7 Of Marble 7 Mention the most iin^ 

portant locations. What is said of Lime? Of Clay ? Of 

Gypsum ? 



NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. 11 

has been opened in the eastern, a mile above the town of 
Hudson, and near the river of the same name. That of 
Onondaga is very pure. 

Native Silver has been found near Sing Sing, in a 
small vein. Ores of Tin have been discovered in the high- 
lands, and in the counties of Essex and Clinton. Ores of 
Arsenic are found in Orange county, in the town of War- 
wick. Garnet, of a rose colour, exists near Fishkill. 

Flint imbedded in limestone is found at Black Rock, in 
the Seneca prairies, and near Saratoga Springs. Quartz, 
of which the Esopas millstone is made, is found in the 
counties of Ulster and Orange. Argillaceous Slate is 
found in Dutchess and Ulster counties. Coal exists near 
the banks of the Hudson, in the town of New Marlbo- 
rough. 

Lead is found in the highlands, Columbia, Essex, Clin- 
ton, Herkimer, Ulster, and several other counties. Black 
Lead, or Plumbago, exists near the city of New York, and 
in the highlands 60 miles north ; also, in the counties of Ul- 
ster and Jefferson, and near Lake Champlain. Emery is 
found in the vicinity of Lake George. 

Native Allum occurs in several caverns, in which also 
are found beautiful samples of Calcareous, and Silicious 
Spar. Asbestos is found in Dutchess and Rensselaer coun- 
ties. A considerable variety of Ochres, or Pigments are 
found in different parts of the state. 3Jica occurs in nu- 
merous varieties. Serpentine is found in New Lebanon. 
Rock Crystal \?> abundant, ^ed^ o^ Silicious Sand hdive 
been discovered affording, fur the purposes of manufac- 
ture, an inexhaustible supply. 

Sec. II. Salt Springs. The Salt Springs 
occupy a conspicuous place among the mineral 
resources of this state, and furnish inexhausti- 
ble mines of great value. The most important 



Where has Silver been found ? Ores of Tin ? Of .Arsenic ? 

Garnet, ivhere found ? Fliyit ? Quartz ? ArQ:illaceous 

Slate ? .Coal ? -Lead'' Black Lead? Emery? — ^-Al- 
lum ? What other minerals are mentioned. 7 

II. What is said of the Salt Springs? 



12 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

are found in the counties of Onondaga, Ca- 
yuga, Seneca, Ontario, and Genesee. 

The Onondaga salt springs rise in a marsh at the head 
of the Onondaga, or Salt Lake. The water is remarkably 
impregnated with salt. Fifty gallons yield, by boiling, a 
bushel of salt, weighing fiftysix pounds. It contains a 
considerable quantity of lime. In addition to salt, the 
water contains carbonic acid gas, and a small quantity of 
sulphuric acid. 

The springs most highly impregnated issue from the 
marsh in a group, at the foot of the declivity on which is 
built the village of Saline:. There are many other salt 
springs in different parts of the marsh ; some along the 
shores of the lake several miles farther down; and others 
at a considerable distance up the creek. All of these are 
not, however, equally impregnated with this mineral. 

Sec. III. Medicinal Waters. New York has 
long been celebrated for the superior richness 
and variety of its medicinal waters. Those of 
Saratoga are perhaps unequalled by any in the 
world. Of Sulphur Springs there is an almost 
infinite diversity, from those of Clifton, to the 
small sulphuretted hydrogen springs every- 
where diffused over the regions of clay, shistus, 
and limestone. Bituminous Springs occur in 
Cataraugus and Allegany counties. 

The Saratoga Springs rise out of a shallow vale, or 
marsh, by the side of a branch of the Kayadarossoras creek. 
The Congress, High Rock, Columbian, Red, Flat Rock, 
Washington, Hamilton, and President Springs are the 
most celebrated. 



Where are tlie most important ? 

Describe the Onondaga Salt Springs. 

IV. What is said of the Mevlicinal Waters of this state ? Men- 
tion the most important. 

Where do the Saratoga Springs rise? Which ore the most 

celebrated 7 Describe the Congress Spring. 



NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. 13 

Congress Spring^ in its medicinal effect, is the most 
important. The gas escaping through the water in fine 
bubbles gives to the surface the appearance of simmering. 
When first dipped, the water is remarkably limpid, but 
after standing a few hours exposed to the air, it becomes 
turbid, and deposits a sediment. Its most obvious effect, 
when taken as a medicine, is that of a cathartic and diu- 
retic. 

High RocTc Spring is enclosed in a hollow rock of a 
conical form, that rises about five feet, the base of which 
is about nine feet in diameter. At the top is a circular 
opening of near ten inches in diameter, which enlarges 
downward. The water rises within two feet of the top, 
and is kept in a state of constant ebullition by the escape 
of carbonic acid gas, of which this spring contains a larger 
proportion, than any of the others. 

This rock seems to have been formed by concretion, 
from the particles thrown up by the waters, and is of a' 
spongy texture, soft and easily broken, though the surface 
is more compact and hard, of a color approaching to the 
brown oxyd of iron in a natural state. There is a crack 
on one side, which is supposed to open a vent for the 
water below the surface of the earth ; and tradition asserts, 
with every appearance of probability, that, when the spring 
was first discovered, the water flowed over the top of the 
rock. 

These waters contain muriates of soda and lime, car- 
bonates of lime, magnesia, soda and iron, with large quan- 
tities of carbonic acid gas. They are useful in cases of 
dyspepsia, cabulous complaints, cutaneous eruptions, and 

* One gallon of the water of Congress soring gives on analysis the 
bllowing result. 

Muriate of Soda, 471,5 

Carbonate of Lime, 178,476 

Carbonate of Soda, 16,5 

Carbonate of Mvignesia, . - - 3,356 

Carbonate of Iron, - - - . 6,168 

Total 676, Grains. 
Carbonic acid gas — 343, cubic inches. 

Describe the Congress Spring. The High Rock Spring. 

2 



14 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

scrofula. They are widely diffused over Saratoga county. 
Those of Ballston* have long been in high repute, and are 
much frequented. 

The Clifton Springs are in Farmington, twelve miles 
from Geneva. The principal issues are 3 large springs. 
The rocks around them are calcareous, filled with impres- 
sions generally imputed to petrifaction of testaceous shells. 
Where one of them rises, is a spot 5 or 6 rods in diame- 
ter completely covered with mineral precipitates, princi- 
pally sulphur, which is found to be in some places near 6 
feet deep. 

These waters are strongly impregnated with sulphur. 
Wlien first dipped, they are perfectly transparent, but be- 
come opaque by standing, and assume a yellowish cream - 
color, as the precipitates form. These consist of sulphur, 
and carbonate of lime. In this state, they emit great quan- 
tities of sulphuretted hydrogen gas, which diffuses a scent 
to a very considerable distance. 

Chappequa spring is a chalybeate, at Mount Pleasant 3 
miles from Hudson's river, and 30 from New York. On 
a mountain near Newbury, there is a mineral spring, whose 
waters create sickness, and nausea. It is said to contain 
copper ; and around it a flame has been seen, as if issuing 
fiom the earth. The Seneca Oil, from Cataraugus and 
Allegany counties, is a petroleum very nearly resembling 
the British Oil of commerce. There are warm springs 
at New Lebanon in Columbia county, and near Flush- 
inop in Long Island. 

*One gallon of the water from the principal fountain at Ballston Spa, 
gives — 

Muriate of Soda, 159, 

Carbonate of Soda, 9, 

Carbonate of Lime, 75,5 

Carbonate of Magnesia, - - - 2,5 

Carbonate of Iron, 7, 

253, grains. 
Carbonic acid gas — 210 cubic inches. 

What do these waters contain? What is said of the Clifton 

Springs ? With what are these waters impregnated? What 

is iaid of the Chappequa Spring? Of the Seneca Oil? 

What other springs are mentioned ? 



NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. 15 

Sec. IV. Botany, The common forest 
trees are the varieties of oak, ash, wahiut, 
pine, maple, beech, chesnut, birch, poplar, 
cherry, cedar, elm, hemlock, sumach, &c. Of 
shrub's and plants, the most noted are wild 
hops, fox grapes, ginseng, sarsaparilla, snake - 
root, spikenard, mandrake, wild gooseberry, 
and cranberry. 

The greatest proportion of timber in the western coun- 
try consists of oak, elm, maple, walnut, beech, butternut, 
chesnut, cucumber. The indigenous plum tree yields a 
fruit of an agreeable flavor, which ripens late in autumn. 
Four varieties of wild grape grow throughout the whole 
territory. 

In the northwestern parts, near the river St. Lawrence 
and lake Ontario, black and white oak abounds inter- 
spersed with pine and hickory. The natural growth con- 
sists of maple, beech, elm, basswood, and birch. There 
are numerous tracts covered with pine. 

Sec. V. Natural Curiosities, The country 
contains many of those uncommon views, 
which havg^een classed under this head, its 
noble cataracts, the gloomy recesses of its cav- 
erns, the romantic defiles of its mountains and 
highlands, present many striking and highly 
interesting scenes. 

The falls of Niagara, and the Genesee, have been pre- 
viously mentioned. Glenn's Falls, on the Hudson, near 
Kingsbury, are highly picturesque and magnificent. A 
solid bed of limestone extends across the channel, forming, 
as the bed of the river sinks down, an irregular precipice. 
From this, the whole waters of the Hudson descend in 
broken torrents. 



IV. What are most c«mmon forest trees ? Shrubs and plants ? 

What is said of the timber in the western part? /n the 

northwestern part ? 

y. What is said of the curiosities of the country ? 



16 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



The masses of rock which direct the courses of the wa- 
ters, and separate their currents, are disposed in horizontal 
strata. In several places, they are very abrupt, and ter- 
minate in a perpendicular wall. Between them are pro- 
found openings, through which, the torrent forces its way. 
At the bottom all the streams unite, and proceed in con- 
junction towards Fort Edward. 

The CaJwes^ or Great Falls of the Mohawk, are not 
unworthy of notice. The river pours over a rock, which 
extends 900 yards, nearly across the channel, and about 
30 feet in height. These falls are about 3 miles from its 
junction with the Hudson. 

There is a singular cave at Rhinebec, in Dutchess 
county. The entrance, between two large rocks on the 
declivity of a steep hill, is a short and small horizontal 
passage, to a narrow perpendicular passage, about 10 feet 
long, from 8 to 10 broad, and 4 high. 

A narrow passage conducts from this to a second room, 
13 feet long, but higher, and broader, than the first. Nu- 
merous calcareous stalactites depend from the roof of this 
room, and some statagmites rise from the floor. These 
have met in various places, and formed solid columns, 
some of them more than two feet in circumference. 

In Ulster county, is a cavern of greate^^nensions than 
any other yet explored in this country. '^j|p||length is es- 
timated at three quarters of a mile, and its breadth varies 
from twenty to forty feet. It is at least twenty feet in 
height. A stream, which issues from the mountain to the 
northwest, turns two mills, before it runs through it. It 
emerges about a quarter of a mile from the Roudout creek, 
and falls into it. 

The passage into the cavern is a considerable distance 
from its western extremity. It is very narrow, and so 
precipitous, as to occasion some difficulty in descending. 
It is evident from the form of the blocks of stone, which 
lie under the opening, that it has been made by the split- 
ting of the rock from the expansion of ice in its cavities. 



What falls are mentioned on the Hudson? Describe them. 

What on the Mohawk? Describe them. Describe the 

cavern in Dutchess county.^ In Ulster county. 



NATURAL GEOGRAPHY. H 

On the sides and roof of the cavern, which are composed 
of dark colored limestone, are seen impressions of shells, 
calcareous spar, and beautiful white and yellow stalactites, 
of different size and shape ; some of which have the ap- 
pearance of a honeycomb. A few rods from the opening 
on the west side, the cavern divides itself into two vaults 
of nearly equal dimensions. Near the eastern extremity, 
there is a fall of water of unknown depth, beyond which 
no person has yet ventured. 

In the southeast part of Lake Erie, about 20 rods from 
the shore, is a curious spring, which boils up from the 
bottom of the lake. The water is here 4 and a half feet 
deep. The water of the spring rises with some force 
through that of the lake, and may be collected. It takes 
fire, when a brand is thrust into it, and, when drank, 
proves a powerful emetic. 

In Chester, Warren county, is a natural bridge, which 
gives the name of Stone Bridge Creek to a small stream 
that runs under it. This stream rises in Essex county, 
and enters Chester about 30 rods above the bridge, and 
immediately falls over a rocky precipice into a large natu- 
ral basin ; whence turning easterly, it enters the subter- 
ranean passage in two branches. 

The northern branch enters its passage under an arch 
of granite 40 feet high, and about 80 feet broad at the 
base, gradually diminishing in capacity as you descend. 
A person may follow the stream with ease, 156 feet from 
the entrance, where it becomes so much contracted, as to 
prevent any further progress. 

At a short distance, the southern and principal branch 
enters its passage amidst aheap of stones and rubbish that 
almost conceals the entrance, and, with difficulty, its pas- 
sage has been explored. It is in some places much con- 
fined, and in others, opens into caverns of 30 or 40 feet 
diameter, and filled with water to a great depth. At the 
distance of 247 feet from the entrance, the waters disem- 
bogue in one stream, having united in the subterranean 
passage, and here a precipice of rock 57 feet high termin- 

What is said of the spring in Lake Erie? What natural 

bridge is mentioned 7 Describe it. 

2^ 



^o HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

ates the bridge. The arch through which the water is 
discharged is about 10 feet wide, and 5 in height. 

In Willsborough, on Lake Champlain, is a remarkable 
" Split Rock." The whole coast of the lake, for a num- 
ber of miles, is formed by rude and rocky mountains, which 
seem to hang over the water, and threaten the passing 
sailor. From one extremity of these cliffs, a rocky pro- 
montory projected about 50 yards into the lake. 

By some violent convulsion of nature, it has been broken 
off, and removed from the main rock about 20 feet. The 
opposite sides exactly fit each other, the prominences of 
each corresponding perfectly with the cavities of the other. 
The point broken off contains about half an acre, and is 
covered with wood. The height of the rock above the 
water, on each side of the fissure, is about 12 feet. 

Under the head of Curiosities may also be included 
those giant productions of our forests, for which some parts 
of our state have been so much celebrated. A black 
walnut tree, near the mouth of the creek to which it has 
given name, measures twentyseven feet in circumference. 
The trunk, to the height of seventy feet, is straight, des- 
titute of limbs, and diminishes very little in diameter. 

In Reading, is a white oak, which measures seventeen 
feet six inches in circumference, six feet from the ground. 
It is perfectly erect, and diminishes very little for fifty feet. 
In Mentz, there is a hollow buttonwood tree, which is 
thirtythree feet in circumference, three feet from the 
ground. Elder Smith preached to an audience of thirty- 
five persons in the cavity of this tree, and asserted, that it 
would have held fifteen more. Its diameter is seventeen 
feet. There is another in Oswego, which measures thir- 
tyfive feet six inches in circumference, two feet from the 
ground ; and is now in a growing and healthy condition. 

Describe the Split Rock. TFhat remarkable vegetable produc* 

tions are mentioned ? Describe them' 



NATIVE ANIMALS. 19 

CHAP. III. 

NATURAL GEOGRAPHY— CONTINUED* 

NATIVE ANIMALS. 

Mastodon. Moose. Bear, Wolf, Cougar, 
Wolverene, Catamount, Wildcat, Raccoon. 
Martin. Deer. Fox. Hare. Rabbit. Por- 
cupine. Woodchuck. Skunk. Weasel. Squir- 
rel, Mouse, Ermine. Beaver, 31usk-Rat, 
Mink, Otter, Fish. Birds. Insects. Ser- 
pents, and Reptiles. 

Sec. t. The uncultivated state of the coun- 
try, previous to its settlement by Europeans, 
was highly favorable to the increase of ani- 
mals. The immense forests which extended 
over every part of the state, formed the resi- 
dence of a great variety, and number of ani- 
mals. Indisposition, they were more mild and 
temperate, and in. magnitude, strength, and vi- 
tal energy, they were far superior^ to the same 

* The following table gives the weight of several kinds 
of animals in America and Europe : 

In Europe. In America. 

456 lb. 

92 

308 

20 

16 

5 4 oz. 
63 8 
29 8 



The Bear 


153 lb 


7 


or. 


Wolf, 


69 


8 




Deer, 


288 


8 




Fox, red. 


13 


5 




Porcupine, 


2 


2 




Martin, 


1 


9 




Beaver, 


18 


5 




Otter, 


8 


9 




Hare, ' 


7 


6 




Rabbit, 


3 


4 




Weasel, 




2 


2 


Ermine, 




2 


8 



I. To what was the state of the country, previous to its settlement, 

favorable ? How did the animals of this country compare with 

those of Europe ? 



20 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

kinds of animals in Europe. Fed by the lux- 
uriant productions of a fertile soil, and unmo- 
lested, but by a few, and unarmed men, they in- 
creased, and multiplied with astonishing rapid- 
ity. 

Sec. ir. Of Quadrupeds, there were about 
forty kinds. Most of these have, at present, 
either entirely disappeared, or are found only 
in the northern, and more mountainous regions. 

The principal quadrupeds were the mastodon, or mam- 
moth, moose, bear, wolf, wolverene, cougar, catamount, 
raccoon, martin, deer, fox, hare, rabbit, porcupine, wood- 
chuck, skunk, weasel, ermine, squirrel, and mouse. The 
beaver, otter, musk-rat and mink are amphibious. Some 
of the most interesting of these will be described. 

Sec. III. The Mastodon, or Mammoth, first 
excites our attention. This name has been 
apphed to an animal, now extinct, the remains 
of which are found in the counties of Ulster, 
Orange, and Rockland in this state, and in va- 
rious other parts of America. It in some re- 
spects resembled the elephant, but was of a dis- 
tinct species from that animal, and of five or 
six times its magnitude. It has. been supposed 
by some, from the form of the teeth, to be car- 
nivorous, but from other indications, we are 
compelled to adopt the contrary opinion. An 
almost entire skeleton has been collected, 
which weighs about one thousand pounds. 

The height of this skeleton, over the shoulders, is 1 1 
feet , the hip 9. Length, from the chin to the rump 15 

What is said of their increase ? 

II. How many kinds of Quadrupeds were there? What is said of 

these at present. 

Mention the principal Quadrupeds. 

III. Give some account of the Mastodon ? Its magnitude. 



Native Animals. ^1 

feet ; from the point of the tusks to the end of the tail, 
following the exterior curve, 31 feet ; in a straight line 17 
feet 6 inches. Length of the under jaw, 2 feet 10 inch- 
es. It weighs 63 1-2 lbs. The tusks are 10 feet 7 inch- 
es long, and a single tooth weighs 4 lb. 10 ounces. 

" The emotions experienced, when for the first time, 
we behold the giant relics of this great animal, are those 
of unmingled awe. We cannot avoid reflecting on the 
time, when this huge frame was clothed with its peculiar 
integuments, and moved by appropriate muscles ; when 
the mighty heart dashed forth its torrents of blood 
through vessels of enormous caliber, and the mastodon 
strode along in supreme dominion over every tenant of 
the wilderness." 

" However we examine what is left to us, we cannot 
help feeling, that this animal must have been endowed 
with a strength exceeding that of other quadrupeds, as 
much as it exceeded them in size ; and, looking at its 
ponderous jaws, armed with teeth peculiarly for the most 
effectual crushing of the firmest substances, we are assur- 
ed, that its life could only be supported by the destruction 
of vast quantities of food." 

" Enormous as were these creatures during life, and 
endowed with faculties proportioned to the bulk of their 
frames, the whole race has been extinct for ages. No 
tradition, nor human record has been saved, and, but for 
the accidental preservation of a comparatively few bones, 
we should never have dreamed that a creature of such vast 
size and strength once existed, — nor could we have be- 
lieved that such a race had been extinguished forever." 

*' Such, however, is the fact— ages after af es have roll- 
ed away — empires and nations have arisen, flourished, and 
sunk into irretrievable oblivion, while the bones of the 
mastodon, which perished long before the periods of 
their origin, have been discovered, scarcely changed m 
color, and exhibiting all the marks of perfection and dura- 
bility.* 

Sec. IV. The largest living animal found 

* Godman. 
IV. What vi'as the largest living animal ? 



22 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

• 

within the Umits of the state was the Moose ; 
They were of two kinds, and belong to the 
same species, with the elk. The black are 
said to have been from eight to twelve feet high.^ 
The grey are, generally as tall as a horse, 
and some much taller. Both have spreading 
palmated horns, which are shed annually, and 
weigh from thirty to forty pounds. The larg- 
est of these animals were estimated by the 
hunters to weigh from thirteen to fourteen hun- 
dred pounds. It has long ceased to be an in- 
habitant of our forests. 

The head of the Moose is large, the neck short, with a 
thick, short and upright mane ; the eyes are small, the ears 
long, very broad, and thick ; the nostrils are large, the up- 
per lip square, and hangs over the lower. The hoofs are 
cloven, his gait, a long shambling trot, and his course 
-very swift and straight. The food of this animal is grass, 
shrubs, the boughs, and bark of trees. In summer they 
go in families, and in winter herd together in droves of 
from thirty to forty. Their defence is chiefly with their 
fore feet, with which, they strike with great force. The 
female is smaller than the male, and generally without horns. 

Sec. v. The Bear was one of the most com- 
mon animals, and always of a black color. It 
was carnivorous, but less fierce and sanguinary, 
than has fc^en generally supposed. Its great- 
est weight is about four hundred and fifty 
pounds. It has disappeared in most parts of 
the state, but is occasionally found in the north- 
ern, and mountainous regions. 

The hear has short legs, with thick clumsy body, is gen- 
erally fat, and is very fond of vegetable food, such as 
sweet apples, corn, berries, grapes, &c. He frequently 

_^_^ * Morse. 

Describe it. ^ 

V. What is gaid of the Bear ^-'—-How does he pass the tointer. 



NATIVE ANIMALS. 23 

destroys the smaller domestic animals, and has been 
known to attack the human kind. When the first snow 
falls, he retreats to some hollow tree, or some natural cav- 
ern in the earth, and passes the winter in a torpid state. 

Sec. VI. The Wolf was frequently met with, 
and also the most noxious of our native animals. 
The color of the wolf is a dirty grey, and infgen- 
eral form he resembles the dog, or is, perhaps 
more properly that animal in its natural state. 
It is carnivorous, extremely fierce and sangui- 
nary. He is now found only in the northern, 
and unsettled parts of the state. 

The U'olf has a long head, pointed nose, sharp and 
erect ears, a short thick neck, with sharp and strong 
teeth. His eyes generally appear sparkling, and his coun- 
tenance is expressive of great wildness and ferocity. He 
lives in a state of constant warfare with all other animals, 
and has, in some instances, ventured his attacks upon men. 
His greatest weight is about ninetytwo pounds. 

The Cougar and Wolverene have entirely dis- 
appeared, or are very rarely met with. The 
cougar was about the size of the wolf, of a 
grey color, strong, active, fierce, and untamea- 
ble. 

Sec. VII. The Catamount was rarely met with, 
but, on account of its remarkable ferocity, was 
much dreaded by the hunters. In general 
form, it resembled the cat, but was larger than 
our largest dogs. It is carnivorous, and, from 
its sanguinary disposition, was esteemed the 
most dangerous of our animals. Its weight 
was estimated at about one hundred pounds. 
It has almost, if not entirely disappeared from 
our forests. 

VI. What is said of the Wolf? Of the Cougar and Wolverene > 

VII. For what was the Catamount remarkable ? 



24 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

The length of the body, including the head, was about 
7 feet ; the circumference of the body, 2 1-2 feet; length 
of the tail, 3 feet, and of the legs, about 1 foot. The 
color, along his back, was nearly black; on the sides, a 
dark, reddish brown ; his feet black. He was not calcu- 
lated for running, but leaped with surprising agility. 

The Wildcat, Raccoon, and 31artin, now oc- 
cur only in the most uncukivated parts of the 
state. The wildcat is, in many respects, sim- 
ilar to our common cats, but larger, and strong- 
er. It is of the same disposition, and color, 
as the wolf 

Sec. VIII. The Deer is one of the most com- 
mon, and valuable of our native animals. It 
is extremely active, possesses great mildness of 
disposition, and is easily domesticated. Its 
greatest weight is about three hundred pounds. 

In the spring, it sheds its hair, and appears of a light 
red ; this color gradually becomes darker until autumn, 
when it becomes a pale brown. Its horns are blender, 
round, projecting forwards, and bent into a curve. The 
horns grow about two feet in length, are shed annually, 
and weigh from two, to four pounds. 

There were several varieties of the Fox. 
This animal now occurs in various parts of the 
state, but its numbers are much diminished. 

The Hare, Rabbit, Porcupine, and Wood- 
chuck, are occasionally found in most parts of 
the state. 

The porcupine weighs about sixteen pounds, and is 
distinguished for the quills, with wljich he is armed. 
These quills are about the size of those of the pigeon, and 
from two to four inches long. When attacked by an 
enemy, the porcupine places his head between his fore 

Describe it. What is said of the Wildcat, Raccoon and Martin ? 

VIII. The Deer ? Fox ? Hare, Rabit, Woodchuck, and Por- 
cupine ? For ivhat is the Porcupine distinguished? 



NATIVE ANIMALS. 25 

feet, and erects his quills around him in the form of a 
hemisphere. 

The quills are so loosely inserted in his flesh, and of 
such a peculiar construction, that they are easily extract- 
ed, and like a barbed dart stick fast, and work themselves 
into the flesh of any animal, that touches their extremi- 
ties ; nor can they be easily withdrawn, without tearing 
the flesh, but by incision. The color of this animal is 
gray, and his motion extremely slow. 

Sec. IX. The Skunk was common to all 
parts of the state, and still frequently occurs. 
It is remarkable for being furnished with or- 
gans for secreting, and retaining a fluid, vola- 
tile and fetid beyond any thing knov»^n. He 
has the power of emitting this to the distance 
of several paces, when necessary for his de- 
fence. When this ammunition is expended, 
he is quite harmless. This volatile fceter is a 
powerful antispasmodic. 

This animal is about a foot and a half long, of a mode- 
rate height, and size in proportion to its length. His tail 
is long and bushy ; his hair long and chiefly black, but on 
his head, neck, and back, are found spots of white without 
any regularity, or uniformity. His sight is imperfect dur- 
ing the day time, and he seeks his food, consisting mostly 
of beetles and other insects, in the evening, at which 
time, he often visits farm-houses, for the purpose of com- 
mitting depredations upon poultry. 

Sec. X. The Weasel^ and numerous varieties 
of the Squirrel^ and Mouse, are still common to 
most parts of the state. The Ermine is rarely 
found, and is one of the most beautiful inhabi- 
tants of the forest. 

The ermine in form, dimensions, and activity, resem- 

IX. What is said of the Skunk ? 

X. Of the Weasel, Squirrel, Mouse, and Ermine ?— Describe the 
Ermine. 



26 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

bles the weasel, but is rather larger. Its weight is about 
fourteen ounces, and its color, a beautiful white. The 
tail is tipped with black, and some have a stripe of dark 
brown, or mouse color, extending along the back from 
the head, to the tail. This beautiful animal has the most 
fine, and delicate fur, that can be imagined. 

Sec. XI. The Beaver was formerly common, 
and its fur in the early period of our history 
formed an important article of trade. It is 
amphibious, but cannot live for any length of 
time under water ; it can live without it, pro- 
vided, it has the occasional convenience of 
bathing. The largest beavers, formerly found, 
were four feet in length, and weighed from 
fifty to sixty pounds. Those found in later 
years weigh from twentyfive to thirty pounds. 
This social, and industrious animal, has left 
many vestiges of its ingenuity and skill, though 
now principally driven from our territory. 

''' Tlie head of this animal is large, and his ears short 
and round. Their fore teeth are prominent, long, broad, 
strong, and grooved or hollowed like a gouge. Their 
fore legs are short, with toes separate ; their hinder legs 
are long with toes webbed. The tail is large, broad, and 
scaly, resembling the body of a fish. Their color is 
generally a dark brown, but varies, according to the cli- 
mate they inhabit. Their hair is long and coarse; the 
fur very thick, fine, and highly valued. The castor used 
in medicine is found in sacs formed behind the kidneys." 

*' Their houses are always situated in the water ; some- 
times they make use of a natural ^Dond, but generally they 
choose to form one by building a daVn across some brook 
or rivultet." 

*' For this purpose they select a number of saplings, of 
goft wood, generally of less than 6 inches in diameter, but 
sometimes of IG or 18 inches ; these they fell, and divide 

XI. What is said of the Beaver ? Give some account of the hah- 

itations ofthi^nimal, and its hahits of life. 



NATIVE ANIMALS. 27 

into proper lengths, and place them in the water, so that 
the length of the sticks make the width of the dam. 
These sticks they lay in mud or clay, their tails serving 
them for trowels, as their teeth did for axes. These dams 
are &ix or eight feet thick at bottom ; sloping on the side 
opposed to the stream ; and are about a quarter as broad 
at top, as at bottom. Near the top of the dam they leave 
one or more waste ways, or sliding places, to carry off the 
surplus water." 

*' The formation of their cabins is no less rem.arkable. 
They consist of two stories, one under, the other above 
water. They are shaped like the oval beehive ; and of a 
size proportioned to the number of inhabitants. The 
walls of the lower apartment are two or three feet thick, 
formed like their dams ; those of the upper story are thin- 
ner, and the whole on the inside plastered with mud. 
Each family constructs its own cabin. The upper apart- 
ments are curiously strewed with leaves, rendered neat, 
clean, and comfortable." 

" The winter never surprises these animals before their 
business is completed ; for their houses are generally fin- 
ished by the last of September, and their stock of provi- 
sions laid in, which consists of small pieces of wood de- 
posited in the lower apartments. Before a storm, all 
hands are employed in repairing or strengthening their 
dams. They retain their industrious habit even after they 
are domesticated. In summer they roam abroad, and feed 
on leaves, twigs, and food of this kind. The beavers are 
considered as the same species, with those in Europe, but 
are in every respect vastly superior."* 

Sec. XII. The Musk-Rat is about 15 inches 
in length, and one foot in circumference. It 
is frequently found, is of a dark color, with 
short hair. It is furnished with glands, which 
secrete a substance, that has the smell of 
musk. In his manner of living he is a distant 
imitator of the beaver. 

* Morse. 



What is said of the Musk-Rat : 



28 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

The Mink is about 16 inches long, and in 
general form resembles the weasel. It is of 
a dark color, and burrows in the vicinity of 
water. It is still found in most parts of the 
state. 

The Otter very much resembles the mink in 
form and habits. Its color is not so dark, 
but its size is much greater. It is now sel- 
dom met with. 

Neither of these animals, though classed as amphibious, 
can live any considerable length of time under water. 

Sec. XIII. Of Fish^ the waters of this state 
present a numerous list. They are however 
rapidly diminishing. The Salmon has long 
since ceased to visit the Hudson. Our western 
waters supply the salmon of the lakes in great 
abundance; while the northern abound with 
several varieties of Trout, 

Shoals of Shad and Herring annually visit 
the Hudson, and the Sturgeon may be said to 
abound, and is nowhere better, than in this 
river. In the southern part of this state, the 
variety of fish is very great, having the stores 
of the Atlantic. No fish market in the world 
is better supplied, than that of New York. 
The Oysters have a high reputation. 

Bass, pike, and a considerable variety of others visit 
Albany, but neither the Hudson or Mohawk can be 
called good for fish. The Oneida is the best fishing 
ground of any of our small western lakes. The mus- 
canunge, black fish, the pike, or pickerel, of the western 
lakes are much esteemed. The cat fish makes excellent 
eating, when skilfully dressed. 

What is said of the Mink ? Otter ? 

XIII. What is said of the Fish ? Mention the most important. 



NATIVE ANIMALS. 29 

Sec. XIV. The number of Birds, that visit 
this widely extended, and diversified territory, 
or reside in it, is surprisingly great. Long 
Island alone presents a catalogue of more than 
one hundred and fifty species, besides many 
others, that remain there, but a small part of 
the season. The Virginia Nightingale, the 
most elegant songster of the American forest, 
with numerous other migratory birds spend the 
summer in our western regions. 

Of Insects, there is a considerable number 
of varieties. During the warm season, the 
earth, and atmosphere teem with these speci- 
mens of animated nature. They are, however, 
for the most part, neither venomous, nor other- 
wise injurious. 

Of Serpents, and Reptiles, the number is 
small. The Rattlesnake is the only one which 
is poisonous, and its numbers, never great, are 
rapidly diminishing. The Black snake, Water 
snakes, small Striped snake, and Green snake, 
with several others, perfectly inoffensive, are 
occasionally found. 

XIV. What is said of Birds ? Of Insects ? Of Serpents, and 

Reptiles? 



3^ 



30 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

CHAP. IV. 
VIEW OF THE COUNTRY 

AT THE TIME OF ITS DISCOVERY BY HUDSO'. 

State of the country. Aborigines. Iroquois, 
Their Confederacy. Antiquities. Inference. 
Their authors^ and origin of the Indian race. 

Sec. I. At the period of Hudson's disco- 
very, the country was mostly in an unimproved 
state. From its general appearance, and from 
the traditions of its inhabitants, we infer, that 
it had previously continued in this situation for 
a long succession of ages. 

No traces of recent civilization enlivened 
the dreary waste. A few scattered villages 
comprising a limited number of habitations, of 
the most imperfect construction, and some 
feeble and ill directed attempts at agriculture 
announced the more frequented haunts of sav- 
age life ; but by far the greater part of this ex- 
tensive territory was covered by an unbroken 
Vvdlderness . 

The several varieties of game, and the spon- 
taneous productions of the earth vv^ere every- 
where numerous, and abundant. The luxuri- 
ance of vegetation evinced the fertility of a 
soil, which required only the hand of art to 
render it in the highest dcs^ree subservient to 
the wants of man. But the country was m- 

I. What was the stale of the country at the time of Hudson's dis- 
covery ? What is said of the spontaneous productions of the earth ? 

Of the fertiUty of the soil ? 



ORIGINAL STATE OF THE COUNTRY, SiC. 31 

habited by a race averse to improvement, rude 
and uncultivated, as the scenery around them. 
Over this wide spread profusion of nature's 
gifts, the Savage held uncontrolled dominion, 
and found in the deep recesses of the forest a 
safe and welcome retreat. 

Sec. II. The original inhabitants of this 
state were Indians. The Iroquois,^ and the 
Delawares, a tribe of the Mohekaneews, were 
in possession at the time of Hudson's discovery. 
They belong to the great family, which has 
been denominated the Ma7i of America. In 
the appearance and countenance of the In- 
dians, there is an uncommon uniformity and 
resemblance. They all possess nearly the 
same distinguishing characteristics, and toge- 
ther, constitute a distinct race. 

Their persons were tall, straight, and well 
proportioned. Their skins Vvere red, or cop- 
per brown ; their eyes were small, black, and 
very active ; their hair, long, black, and coarse. 
Their features were regular and well adjusted, 
but their countenance expressive of wdldness, 
and ferocity. In constitution, they w^ere firm 
and vigorous, capable of sustaining great fa- 
tigue and hardship. 

As to general character, they were quick of 
apprehension, and not wanting in genius. At 
times, they were friendly, and even courteous. 

* Iroquois, The Five Aations. Afterwards, The Six JVations. 

By what race was the country inhabited ' 

ji. What tribes were in possession at the time of Hudson's dis- 
covery ? To what family do they belong ? Give a description 

of their persons. Of their general character. 



32 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

In council, they were distinguished for gravity 
and eloquence ; in war, for bravery and ad- 
dress. When provoked to anger, they were 
sullen and retired ; and when determined upon 
revenge, no danger would deter them ; neither 
absence nor time could cool them. If cap- 
tured by an enemy, they never asked life, nor 
would they betray emotions of fear, even in 
view of the tomahawk, or the kindling faggot. 

Hunting, fishing, and war, constituted the principal em- 
ployments of the men, and when not engaged in these pur- 
suits, or their occasional amusements, they generally passed 
their time in a state of absolute inactivity. They were 
averse to agriculture, and considered it a most degrading 
avocation. The means of subsistence were mostly derived 
from the chase, and the spontaneous productions of the 
earth. 

" The amusements of the men were principally leaping, 
shooting at marks, dancing, and gaming, — in all of which 
they made the most violent exertions. Their dances were 
usually performed round a large fire. In their war dances, 
they sung the feats which they or their ancestors had 
achieved ; represented the manner in which they were 
performed, and wrought themselves up to an inexpressible 
degree of martial enthusiasm. The females occasionally 
joined in some of these sports, but had none peculiar to 
themselves." 

They dressed in the skins of wild beasts, and were fond 
of ornaments. They arranged the hair in many singular 
forms, and adorned it with feathers. They pertbrated the 
nose and ears, and had pieces of metal, shells, or shining 
stones attached to them. They painted the face and body 
with difterent colors and figures. 

Their treatment of females was cruel and oppressive. 
They were considered by the men as slaves, and treated 



TVhat were the principal employments of the men? How did 

they obtain the means of subsistence ? What were their amuse- 
ments 7 How were they dressed ? How did they treat their 

uyjmen 7 



ORIGINAL STATE OF THE COUNTllY, SiC. 33 

as such. To them were assigned the labors of the field, 
and the services of domestic care. Doomed to incessant 
toil, they performed their perpetual tasks without pity, and 
without compassion, and often, in return, received the 
most brutal treatment from their husbands. 

They had no written literature except rude hieroglyph- 
ics, and consequently no records, or written laws. Their 
old men became the depositaries of past experience, and 
by them their debates were chiefly carried on. Their 
language was rude, but sonorous, metaphorical, and ener- 
getic. It was well suited to the purposes of public speak- 
ing, and when accompanied by the impassioned gestures, 
and uttered in the deep guttural tones of the savage, had 
a singularly wild and impressive effect. 

War was considered the most honorable employment, 
and was carried on chiefly by stratagem and ambuscade. 
When they fought in the open field, they rushed to the 
attack with incredible fury, and, at the same time, uttered 
their appalling war whoop. Their weapons were bows 
and arrows, headed with flint or other hard stones, which 
they discharged with great precision and force. 

Their religions notions consisted of traditions mingled 
with many superstitions. They believed in two gods, the 
one good, who was the superior, and whom they styled 
the Great Spirit; the other evil. They worshipped both. 
Besides these, they worshipped various other deities, such 
as fire, water, thunder, anything which they supposed to 
be superior to themselves, and capable of doing them in- 
jury. Their manner of worship was to sing and dance 
round large fires. 

Sec. III. The Iroquois constituted a confed- 
erated republic, and were among the most 
remarkable of the American race. They oc- 
cupied the greater part of this State, and had 
made considerable advances in the art of gov- 

What is said of their laws? Of their language? iVhat 

teas considered the most honorable employment? How was it 

carried on ? H^at were their weapons ? Give some account 

of their religious notions. 

III. What is said of the Iroquois ? 



S4 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

ernmeiit. By their civil combinations, and 
military talents, they acquired the supremacy 
over the numerous and warlike nations, by 
whom they were surrounded. 

They* had been in possession of the country for a long 
time previous to Hudson's discovery ; but were not the 
original inhabitants of this part of North America. The 
Mohekaneews universally considered themselves as the ori- 
ginal inhabitants, and styled the Iroquois irdcrlopers. The 
Iroquois are said to have admitted the fact, and gloried in 
it ; asserting that they had fought their way to their pres- 
ent possessions, and acquired their country by conquering 
all who had resisted them. 

That this united declaration is just, is amply supported 
by facts. The Mohekaneews were spread from the neigh- 
borhood of the Pacific Ocean to the eastern shore of New 
England ; and remains of this nation are now to be found 
in small tribes, dispersed over a large part of North Amer- 
ica. This is proved unanswerably by their language. 

The Iroquois were planted in the midst of this widely 
extended nation ; and appear to have had no other con- 
nexion with them, than what is involved in wars, conquests, 
and treaties ; and nothing in common with them, besides 
the savage character, and its universal appendages. 

At the same time, they were almost invariably at war 
with some or other of the Mohekaneew tribes. With this 
spirit, and its necessary consequences, it is impossible that 
they should have made their way through the western 
branches of the Mohekaneews, or, in other words, through 
enemies dispersed over a territory of near three thousand 
miles in extent, in any other manner, than by conquest. 

Sec. IV. The confederacyf of the Iroquois 
consisted, originally, of five nations, the Mo_ 

* Dwight's Letters. f Clinton's Discourse. 



Who were the original inhabitants 7 How did the Iroquois 

obtain possession ? 

lY. Of what did the Iroquois Confederacy originally consist ? 



ORIGINAL STATE OF THE COUNTRY, ^C. 35 

hawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Ca- 
yugas, and the Senecas. The Mohawks had 
four towns, and one small village, situated on 
or near the fertile banks of the river of that 
name. The position of the first was the con- 
fluence of the Schoharie Creek and Mohawk 
River. The others were further to the west. 

The Mobawivs, from their martial renown, 
and military spirit, have not unfrequently given 
their name to the whole confederacy, which 
was often denominated the Mohawks in the 
annals of those days. This nation was always 
held in the greatest veneration by its associates, 
and they were declared by the other nations, 
"the true old heads of the confederacy." 

The Oneidas had their principal seat on the 
south of the Oneida lake ; the Onondagas, near 
the Onondaga; and the Cayugas, near the 
Cayuga lake. The principal village of the 
Senecas was. near the Genesee river, about 
twenty miles from Irondequoit bay. 

Each nation was divided into three tribes : 
the Tortoise, the Bear, and the Wolf. Each 
village was a distinct republic, and its concerns 
were managed by its peculiar chiefs. 

Their exterior relations, general interests, 
and national affairs, wore conducted and su- 
perintended by a great council, assembled 
annually at Onondaga, the central canton. 



Name them. In what part were the Mohawks located ? 

Why have they ^f metiines given name to the confederacy ? 

Where was the principalseat of the Oneidas ? Of the Onondagas ? 

— — Of the Cayui,as? Of t.ie Senecas ? How was each nation 

divided ?- -How were their exterior relations conducted ? 



36 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

composed of the chiefs of each repubhc ; and 
eighty sachems were frequently convened at 
this national assembly. 

It took cognisance of the great questions of 
war and peace, and of the affairs of the tribu- 
tary nations. All their proceedings were con- 
ducted with g:eat deliberation, and were dis- 
tinguished for order, decorum, and solemnity. 

A prominent feature in the character of the confede- 
rates, was an exalted spirit of liberty, which revolted with 
equal indignation at domestic or foreign control. They 
esteemed themselves as sovereigns, accountable to none, 
but God alone, whom they called the Great Spirit. They 
admitted no hereditary distinctions. The office of sachem 
was the reward of personal merit ; of great wisdom, of 
commanding eloquence ; of distinguished services in the 
cabinet, or in the field. 

Whatever superiority the Iroquois might have in war, 
they never neglected the use of stratagem. The cunning 
of the fox, the ferocity of the tiger, and the power of the 
lion, were united in their conduct. They preferred to 
vanquish their enemy, by taking him off his guard, by in- 
volving him in an ambuscade ; but when emergencies 
rendered it necessary for them to face him in the open 
field, they exhibited a courage and contempt of death, 
which has never been surpassed. 

Sec. v. In the western and interior parts of 
the state, the remains of fortifications and 
other works of art have been discovered, bear- 
ing marks of great antiquity, and indicating the 
remote existence of nations far more civilized, 
than the indigenes of the present race, or 
any of the known tribes of North America. 

Of what did tliis council take cognisance ? For what were their 

dehberations distinguished .' '' " 

What prominent feature is mentioned in the character of the 

confederates 7 Hovj did they esteem themselves ? What is 

said of their courage? 

V. What have been discovered in the western part of the state .' 



ORIGINAL STATE OF THE COUNTRY, &IC. 37 

In Pompey * Onondaga county, are vestiges of a town, 
the area of which inchided more than five hundred acres. 
It was protected by three circular or elliptical forts, eight 
miles distant from each other. They formed a triangle, 
which enclosed the town. From certain indications, this 
town seems to have been stormed and taken on the line of 
the north side. 

In Camillus, in the same county, are the remains of 
two forts, 6ne covering about three acres, on a very high 
hill. It had one eastern gate, and a communication at 
the west, towards a spring about ten rods from the fort. 
Its shape was elliptical. The ditch was deep, and the 
eastern wall ten feet high. 

The other fort is almost half a mile distant, on lower 
ground, constructed like the other, and about half as 
large. Shells of testaceous animals, numerous fragments 
of pottery, pieces of brick, and other signs of an ancient 
settlement, were found by the first European settlers. 

On the east bank of Seneca river, six miles south of 
Cross and Salt lakes, the remains of ancient Indian de- 
fence have been discovered, together with a delineation 
of ill shapen figures, supposed to have been hieroglyphic- 
al, and engraved as with a chisel, on a flat stone, five 
feet in length, three and a half in breadth, and six inches 
thick ; evidently a sepulchral monument. 

The principal fortification was two hundred and twen- 
ty yards in length, and fiftyfive yards in breadth. The 
bank and corresponding ditch were remarkably entire ; 
as were two apertures, opposite each other in the middle 
of the parallelogram, one opening to the water, and the 
other facing the forest. 

About half a mile south of the greater work, was a 
large half moon, supposed to have been an outwork,' but 
attended with this singularity, that the extremities of the 
crescent were from the larger fort. The banks of the 
ditch, both of this and the first fortress, were covered 
with trees, that exhibited extremity of age. 

* Yates' and Moulton's History. 



Give some account of the remains in Pompey.— — In Camillus. 
— On the Seneca river. 



38 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

The flat stone above mentioned was found over a small 
elevation in the great fort. Upon removing it, one of the 
visiting party dug up with his cane a piece of earthen 
vessel, which, from the convexity of the fragment, was 
supposed to contain two gallons. It was well burned, of 
a red color, and had its upper edge indented, as with 
the finger, in its impressionable state. 

Eastward these fortifications have been traced eighteen 
miles from Manlius Square ; and in Oxford, *Chenango 
county, on the east bank of Chenango river, are the re- 
mains of another fort, remarkable for its great antiquity. 
Northward as far as Sandy Creek, about fourteen miles 
from Sacket's Harbor, near which, one covers fifty acres, 
and contains numerous fragments of pottery. 

Westward they are discovered in great number. There 
is a large one in the town of Onondaga, one in Scipio, 
two near Auburn, three near Canandaigua, and several 
between the Seneca, and Cayuga lakes. A number of 
ancient fortifications and burial places have also been 
discovered in Ridgev/ay, Genesee county. 

Near* the Tonevi^ande creek, at the double fortified 
town* are some interesting antiquities, described by Dr 
Kirkland. They are the remains of two forts. The first 
contained about four acres, and the other, distant about 
two miles, and situated at the other extremity of the an- 
cient town, enclosed twice that quantity of ground. 

The ditch around the former was about five or six feet 
deep. A small stream of water, and a high bank, circum- 
scribed nearly one third of the enclosed ground. There 
were traces of six gates or avenues round the ditcli, and 
near the centre, a way was dug to the water. A consid- 
erable number of large thrifty oaks had grown up with- 
in the enclosed ground, both in and upon the ditch ; some 
of them appeared to be at least two hundred years old or 
more. 

Near the northern fortification, which was situated on 

* This place is called by the Senecas Tegntaineaaghque, which 
imports a double fortified town, or a town, with a fort at each end. 

Mention the most important places where these remains have 

been found. Describe the one near the Tonewande Creek. 

The remains of tlie funeral pile. 



ORIGINAL STATE OF THE COUNTRY, &iC. 39 

high ground, were found the remains of a funeral pile, 
probably the burying place of the slain, who had fallen in 
some sanguinary conflict. The earth was raised about 
six feet above the common surface, and betwixt twenty 
and thirty feet in diameter The bones appeared on the 
whole surface of the raised earth, and stuck out in many 
places on the sides. 

On the south side of lake Erie, are a series of old for- 
tifications, from Cattaragus creek to the Pennsylvania line, 
a distance of fifty miles. Some are from two to four 
miles apart, others half a mile only. Some contain five 
acres. The walls, or breastworks are of earth, and gene- 
rally on ground where there are appearances of creeks 
having once flowed into the lake, or where there was a 
bay. 

These vestiges of ancient fortified towns are widely 
scattered throughout the extensive territory of the Six Na- 
tions, and by Indian report in various other parts. There is 
one on a branch of the Delaware river, which from the size 
and age of some of the trees, that have grown on the 
banks, and in the ditches, appears to have existed nearly one 
thousand years, and perhaps for a still longer period. 

Sec. VI. These antiquities afford demonstra- 
tive evidence of the remote existence of a vast 
population settled in towns, defended by forts, 
cultiyating agriculture, and more advanced in 
civilization, than the nations, which have in- 
habited the same countries, since the European 
discovery. 

They may be viewed as connecting links of a great 
chain, which extends beyond the confines of this state, 
and, becoming more magnificent and curious as we re- 
cede from the northern lakes, passes through Ohio into 
the great vale of the Mississippi, thence to the Gulf of 
Mexico through Texas, and South America. 

In this vast ra nge of more than three thousand miles, 

Give some account of the extent of the works. Of their antiqui. 
ty. ^ 

VI. Of what do these antiquities afford evideoce ? 
How may they be vieived. 



40 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

these monuments of ancient skill gradually become more 
remarkable for their number, magnitude, and interesting 
variety ; until we are lost in admiration and astonishment, 
to find in a world, which we call new, ancient institutions, 
religious ideas, and forms of edifices, similar to those in 
Asia, which there seem to go back to the dawn of civili- 
zation. 

Sec. VII. Concerning the authors of these 
works, we have no authentic account. The In- 
dians obviously know nothing in regard to them, 
and their traditions on this subject are vague, 
indefinite, and contradictory. They must 
have existed a long time previous to European 
intercourse ; but their origin, the fortunes that 
attended them, and the disasters, which effect- 
ed their ruin, have alike been consigned to ob- 
livion. 

The same obscurity rests on the origin of the numer- 
ous American tribes. That America was peopled from 
diiFerent quarters of the old world, and at different peri- 
ods, appears to be the most probable conjecture. 

Philosophers have identified portions of the American 
family with their Asiatic, European, and African kindred. 
But to identify the whole with any primitive stock, ex- 
cept the common ancestors of all mankind, would, we be- 
lieve, be impossible. 

The Indians of this state have been identified with the 
Tartars of Asia, and this theory is supported by many 
traits of resemblance. But after so many ages have 
elapsed, so many intermixtures taken place, and so little 
history, even of a traditionary kind now before us, the 
subject will hardly repay the labor of investigation, and 
any conclusion, at which we might arrive, must be ex- 
tremely precarious. 

VII. What is said concerninj^ the authors of these ruins. 
Of the origin of the American tribes 1 



DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 41 

CHAP. V. 
DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 

Discoveries of Columbus and the Cahots. Great 
River discovered by Hudson. Hudson de- 
tained in England. Dutch trade to the Great 
River, Licensed Trading Company. First 
Settlement. West India Company. New 
Nether/and. First Governor. Van Twil- 
ler^s Administration. Kieft Stuyvesant. New 
Netherland surrc7idered to the English. 

Sec. I. Christopher Columbus, a native of 
Genoa, was the first discoverer of America. 
In 1492, he sailed from Spain with a small 
fleet, under the patronage of Ferdinand and 
Isabella, then on the united thrones of Castile 
and Arragon ; and on the 12th of October, dis- 
covered &an Salvador, one of the Bahama Isl- 
ands. Columbus took possession of the island 
in the name of Queen Isabella, and after his 
return to Spain made several other voyages ; 
but did not discover the continent of America, 
until Aug. 1, 1498, when he made the land, 
now called Terra Firm a in South America. 

In 1497, John, and Sebastian Cabot, com- 
menced a voyage of discovery, under the pa- 
tronage of Henry VII. king of England. On 
the 24th of June, they approached Newfound- 

I. When, and by whom was America discovered ? Under 

whose patronage ? When did he discover the conlinent ? Give 

some account of the discoveries hv the Cabots. 
4* 



42 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



land, and, soon after made the first discovery 
of the Continent of America, and ranged its 
coast from Labrador to Florida. The atten- 
tion of all Europe was excited by these enter- 
prises, and numerous voyages were made for 
the purposes of discovery and settlement. In 

1606, James I. king of England, for the pur- 
pose of planting two colonies, passed the great 
North and South Virginia patent, embracing 
the country from the 34th to the 45th degree 
of north latitude. Jamestoivn in Virginia, the 
first permanent settlement in North America, 
^vas effected the following year. 

Sec. II. On the 3d of September, 1609, the 
first European discoverer, of whom we have 
any knowledge, entered the southern waters of 
New York. Henry Hudson, an Enghsh navi- 
gator, in the service of the Dutch, anchored 
his ship within Sandy Hook, and soon after 
proceeded to New York Bay, discovered Man- 
hattan, and sailed into the river which has 
since borne his name. 

The discovery of a northern passage to the East Indies 
was at this time a subject of sanguine expectation, and an 
object of deep interest to the commercial world. For the 
attainment of tliis, a London company associated, and in 

1607, fitted out a ship under the conimand of Hudson. 
He penetrated as far, as S2^ of north latitude, when the 
ice arrested his progress. After discovering Spitzbergen, 
and parts of Greenland before unknown to Europeans, he 
returned to England. 

Vv'hat effect had these enttrprises in Europe ? When and where 

was tho first permnnent i=ettlement effected in North America? 

II. V.'hen, and by v/hom was New York discovered? Vl^iat 

was the object of his enterprise? Give some account of the ex- 
pedition in 1607. 



DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 43 

In 1608, another expedition was fitted out, and Hudson 
made a second voyage under the same association. In 
the main object of the enterprise, he was again unsuccess- 
ful. The company then suspended their patronage. 
Hudson went to Holland, and entered into the service of 
the celebrated Dutch East India Company. 

A small ship called, the Half-Moun, was equipped, and 
entrusted to his command. He left Amsterdam on the 
4th of April, 1609, and once mors encountered the in- 
clemency of the northern seas. His progress was again 
intercepted by the ice, and he formed the design of visit- 
ing America, in hopes of making some discoveries, that 
might prove an indemnification for his failure in the 
north. 

He arrived off the banks of Newfoundland early in 
July, and after coasting as far south, as Virginia, and ex- 
periencing severe gales, on the 2d of Sept. he espied the 
Highlands of Neversink, passed Sandy Hook on the 3d, 
and on the following day is said to have made his first 
landing on Coney Island, opposite Gravesend. 

Sec. hi. Hudson passed one month in ex- 
ploring the extent of his discovery. Early in 
October, he put to sea with the intention of 
returning to Holland. A mutiny having risen 
among the crew, he was compelled to land in 
England, where he was detained, by an exer- 
cise of the royal prerogative. 

While examining the country, Hudson as- 
cended the river with the " Half-Moon " as far 
as Albany ; and with his boat probably reached 
the spot upon which is the village of Water- 
ford. In the course of this excursion, he had 
several friendly interviews with the natives. 

Give some account of the expedition in 1608. Into whose ser- 
vice did Hudson then enter ? Give some account of his next voy- 
age Where did he first land? 

III. How lone; did lie remain in the country .' WTiat prevented 

his return to Holland ? How far did he ascend the river ? 

"What is said of his intercourse with the natives ? 



44 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

On his return, however, to Manhattan, a considera- 
ble number of the Indians had assembled at the head of 
the island, and, as he approached, assailed him with a 
volley of arrows from their canoes. By a few discharges 
of cannon and muskets, which killed several of the savages, 
the attack was repulsed, and the assailants put to flight. 

§ The Iroquois have a curious tradition with regard to the first in- 
terview with the whites. They say, that, a long time ago, before 
men with a white skin had ever been seen, some Indians, fishing at 
a place where the sea widens, espied something at a distance 
moving on the water. What it could be baffled all conjecture. Some 
supposed it a large fish, or animal, others that it was a very big house 
floating on the sea. Runners were sent off in all directions to carry 
the news to their scattered chiefs. When they saw it coming into 
the river, they concluded that it must be a remarkable large house, 
iri which the Manitto, (or Great Spirit,) was coming to visit them. 
The chiefs now assembled at York Island, and made preparations to 
receive their Manitto. 

The vessel at length comes to anchor, and some of the crew ap- 
proach the shore in a boat. The Indians are amazed at their color 
and dress, particularly of one, who glittered in red, and whom they 
supposed must be the Manitto. On their landing, the chiefs and 
wise men form a circle, info which the supposed Manitto with two 
attendants entered. He salutes them with a friendly countenance, 
and they return his salute after their uianner. 

A large elegant Huck-hack (gowd or bottle,) is brought by one of 
the Manitto's servants, from which, a substance is poured into a 
cup or glass, and handed to the Manitto. He drinks, has the cup 
refilled and handed to the chief near him, who smells it, and passes 
it to the next. The cup in this manner passes round the circle, when 
one of them, a great warrior, harangues them on the irnpropiiety of 
returning the cup unemptied. It was handed to them, he said, by 
the Manitto, to diink out of, as he had. To follow his example 
would please him — to reject it might provoke his wrath, and if no one 
else would, he would drink it, let what would follow. 

He then took the cup, and, bidding adieu to those around, drank 
the contents. He soon began to stagger. He rolled on the ground, 
and fell asleep. They at first thought he had expired, but soon per- 
ceived he still breatl)ed. He awoke, jumped up, and declared he 
never felt more happy. He asked for more, and the whole assembly 
imitating him became intoxicated. 

After this intoxication ceased, duiing which the 'v-hifes confined 
themselves to their vessel, the man in red returned, and distributed 
among them beads, axes, hoes, and stockings. The whites made 
them understand that t'ney would return home, and visit them again 
the next year with presents. 

Accordingly the vessel arrived the following year, and they w/ere 
much rejoiced to see each other ; but the whites laughed, when they 

Tf'Tjai occurred on his return to Manhattan 7 



DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 45 

saw the axes and hoes hanging as ornaments to their breasts, and the 
stockings used as tobacco pouches. The whites now put handles in 
the former, and cut down trees before their eyes, and dug the ground, 
and showed them the use of stockings. Here they say a general 
laughter ensued, to think they had remained ignorant of the use of 
these things, and had borne so long such heavy raetal suspended from 
their necks.* 

Sec. IV. Hudson, on his arrival in England, 
being forbidden by the English Government to 
return to Holland, or again enter the service of 
the Dutch, reentered the service of the London 
company, which had patronised him in his two 
first voyages. 

He transmitted, to the Dutch East India 
directors, the journal of his recent voyage, 
with an account of his discoveries; and the 
" Half-Moon," after being sometime detained 
at D.'irtinouth, was permitted to return to Am- 
sterdam, where she arrived early in 1610. In 
April of the same year, Hudson was again sent 
outj by the London company, on a northern 
expedition, from which he never returned. 

The last voyage and tragical fate of this distinguished 
navigator, are subjects to wiiich we cannot advert, with- 
out the most painful emotions. After encountering for a 
long time the dangers of the northern seas, a mutiny 
broke out among the crew, and Hudson with eight others, 
was placed in an open boat, and abandoned to the tem- 
pests of those inhospitable regions. 

Nothing more has ever been heard from them, and they 
probably either perished in a storm, or by the more pro- 
tracted horrors of famine. The English deeply lamented 
the loss of a countryman, whose achievements as a navi- 

* Moulton. 



IV. What did Hudson do on his arrival in England? What is 

gaid of the " Half Moon " ? On what expedition was Hudson 

again sent out ? 

Giv^ some account of his fate. 



46 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

gator, had reflected honor on a nation already distin- 
guished for its illustrious seamen. Hudson's personal 
qualities and virtues, displayed during his four voyages, 
at times which were caluclated to try character, will ever 
be contemplated with pleasure and admiration. 

Sec. V. 16i0. The Dutch East India com- 
pany fitted out a ship for a second visit to the 
nevAy discovered land, for the purpose of trade. 
The only object was a cargo of furs, but the 
voyage was more important in its consequen- 
ces, being the prelude to the fur trade, which 
led to the subsequent colonization of the coun- 
try. 

The directors of the East India company, who had pa- 
tronised Hudson's design of a northern passage to India, 
though disappointed in this object, appreciated his minor 
discovery. They looked to the Great Jliver, and anti- 
cipated in the fur trade, an indemnity for past expenses. 
This article could now be obtained from the Indians in 
America on more advantageous terms, than formerly from 
the north of Europe. 

The voyage was successful, and therefore repeated. 
The fame of its profits and of the country stimulated ad- 
venturers ; and within three years, much competition arose 
in this new branch of the commerce of Holland. 

The effects of this rivalry were sensibly felt by those, 
who had seconded Hudson's voyage. A memorial was 
therefore presented to their High Mightinesses the Lords 
States-General, stating, that they, who had incurred the 
expense and risk of originating discoveries, were preven- 
ted, by an unjust competition, from realizing an adequate 
remuneration. 

Sec. VI. 1614. The States passed an edict 
on the 27th of March that " all persons, who had 
discovered, or might discover any rivers, bays, 

V. What was the object of the expedition in 1610? What can 

you say of the consequences of the voyage ? 

Was the voyage successful? What JoUowed 7 

VI. What edict was passed by the States General in 1614 ? 



DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 47 

or harbors, or countries before unknown, should 
elijoy, besides other advantages, the exchisive 
trade there for four successive voyages." This 
act was the foundation of the Amsterdam Li- 
censed Trading West India Company. 

The members of this company had a double object ; to 
secure the possession of the Great River by fortifications, 
and to extend their commercial privileges under the edict 
by the discovery of circumjacent places. Two ship? were 
the same year fitted out for the accomplishment of this 
purpose. 

Sec. vir. In the fall of 1614, the first fortified 
settlement was established on Castle Island, a 
short distance below Albany. In the following 
year, 1615 a similar establishment was ef- 
fected at Manhattan, on an elevated spot near 
the southern extremity of the island."^ 

It has been affirmed, that as early, as H)13, an insignifi- 
cant warehouse was erected on a small island just below 
Albany ; and that in 1614, four houses were on the island 
of Manhattan. 

If such was the fact, they must have been temporary 
in design, and consequently frail in structure ; for, it is 
hardly probable, that any fortified, or permanent settle- 
ment could have been contemplated, so long as the coun- 
try was unappropriated, and its trade participated by all 
adventurers. 

In 1617, the fort on Castle Island was abandoned in 
consequence of the high floods, and a new fortification 
erected a few miles south on the shore of Nordtman's 
Kill. 

*0n the site of the Macomb houses in Broadway, New York. 

Of wiiat company was this act the foundation ? 
What was the object of this Company ? 

VII. When, and where was the tirsl fortilied settlement establish- 
ed ? When at Manhattan ? 

JJ^iy is it not probable settlements were made earlier than this ? 



48 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

These establishments must, at this period, be viewed, 
as purely of a military and commercial character. No- 
thing further was contemplated until 1620, when the Dutch 
conceived the project of forming a great National Society 
and under its auspices a permanent settlement on the 
Great River. 

Sec. VIII. 1620. On the third of June, the 
gr^nt was obtained from their High Mighti- 
nesses, the States General for the establish- 
ment, and organization of the Privileged West 
Indian Company. 

The Amsterdam Licensed Trading Compa- 
ny, with all its rights to the trade and territory 
of the new world, became merged in this na- 
tional society, which, being endowed with more 
ample powers and greater resources, would be 
able to establish fortifications and settlements, 
on a stronger and more enlarged basis. 

Sec. IX. In 1623, the first ship of the West 
Indian Company arrived at the Great River. — 
The name of Belgium, or New Netherland, 
was bestowed upon the country. 

This name was intended to comprehend the 
country discovered by Hudson : and though its 
boundaries became involved in doubt and con- 
troversy, yet it was apparently understood, at 
that time, by the Dutch, to extend from the Del- 
aware river to Cape Cod. 

Tv/o forts were, this year (1623,) commenced ; fort 
New Amsterdam, on a commanding elevation, south of the 

Hoio must these establishments be viewed? 

viir. What national society was established in 1620 ? What 

was its object ? 

IX. When did the first ship of this company arrive ? What 

name was given to the country ? What was the name intended to 

comprehend? 

What forts were erected the present year 7 



tolSCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. ^ 49 

original redoubt on IManhattan, and fort Orange, on the 
west bank of the Hudson at Albany. 

Sec. X. In 1625, the West Indian Company 
freighted two ships, in one of which, the first 
Governor, or director, Peter Minuit, arrived in 
New Netherland. 

The first emigrants under Minuit appear to 
have been from the river Waal in Guelderland, 
and, under the name of Waaloons, founded the 
first permanent settlement beyond the cannon 
of Fort Amsterdam. They settled on Long 
Island at the bend of the shore opposite Man- 
hattan. 

They were the first who professionally pursued agri- 
culture. Temporary locations, for other purposes, had 
been made at other places. The limited extent of settle- 
ments, the single condition, and peculiar pursuits of those, 
who had arrived previous to this period, may be inferred 
from the fact, that, in June of the present year, the first 
child of European parentage was born in New Netherland.* 

For some years, the settlements progressed 
but slowly. In 1629, the Company adopted a 
charter of " Liberties and exemptions for pa- 
troons, masters, and private individuals, who 
should plant colonies in New Netherland, or 
import thither any neat cattle." 

The liberality of this charter towards Patroons induced 
Goodyn, Bloemart, Van Renselaer, and others, of the 
Commissioners of New Netherland, to send Wouter Van 
Twiller, as agent, to inspect the condition of the country, 
and the purchase of lands from the natives, for the purpose 
of settlement. During this and the subsequent year, sev- 
eral purchases were made. 

* Sarah Rapaelje, daughter of Jan Joris Rapaelje. 

X. Who was the first Governor? When did he arrive? 

Wliat can you say of the first emigrants ? Of the projre^s of the 

eettlements ? What measures did the Company take in 1629 ? 

TVhat success attended them ? 
6 



50 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. XI. 1633. Miniiit was recalled, and 
Wouter Van Twiller arrived at fort Amsterdam 
vvith sole power as governor of New Nether- 
land. 

Disturbances in the colony, which, by some, have been 
attributed to the influence of Van Twiller, during his first 
visit, occasioned the recall of Minuit. The arrival of Van 
Twiller, as governor, gave a fresh impulse to the settle- 
ments, and agricultural pursuits, which under Minuit had 
been less flourishing than the commercial concerns of the 
colony. During Van Twiller's administration originated 
the controversy occasioned by the encroachments of the 
English, which afterwards proved the source of so much 
rancorous, but bloodless hostility. 

Sec. XII. 1638, William Kieft succeeded 
Van Twiller, as governor of New Netherland. 
Two years after the commencement of his 
administration, the English had overspread the 
eastern part of Long Island, and advanced to 
Oyster bay. 

Kieft broke up their settlement in 1642, and 
fitted out two sloops to drive the English out 
of the Schuylkill, of wdiich the Marylanders 
had lately possessed themselves. 

The English from the eastward soon aller sent deputies 
to New Amsterdam, for the accommodation of their dis- 
putes about limits. We do not learn, however, that any 
settlement resulted from their negotiations. 

The English were continually becoming more powerful, 
and constantly extending their possessions. In 1G43, the 
colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, 
and New Haven, entered into a league, both against the 

XI. Who was the second Governor ? 

Wliat is said of disturbances in the colony ? Of Van Twil- 

ler^s AdministraiiGn ? 

XII. Who succeeded Van Twiller ? What can you say of the 

encroachments of the English ? 

What design are they said to have formed ? 



DISCOVERY AND SETTLEMENT. 51 

Dutch and Indians, and are said to have met shortly after, 
upon a design of extirpating the former. 

In addition to the New England controversies, the 
Dutch appear to have suffered, about the close of Kieft's 
administration, from the hostilities of the Indians. In 
1646, a severe battle wsls fought on a part of Strickland's 
Plain, called Horse Neck. The battle was contested with 
mutual obstinacy and fury, and great numbers were 
killed on both sides. The Dutch ultimately kept the 
field. , 

Sec. XIII. 1647. Peter Stuyvesant arrived 
at Fort Amsterdam, as Governor, and laid claim 
to all the lands, rivers, and streams, from Cape 
Henlopen to Cape Cod. Three years.after, he 
went to Hartford, and demanded a surrender to 
the Dutch of all the lands on Connecticut 
river. 

After a controversy of several days, the sub- 
ject was left to the decision of arbitrators, who 
concluded articles of adjustment, with regard 
to boundaries and occupancy of lands already 
settled. 

Long Island was divided ; the eastern part was to be 
held by the English, the western by the Dutch. On the 
main the boundaries were amicably adjusted. The Dutch 
were to hold the lands on Connecticut river, of which they 
were then possessed ; the residue on each side of the riv- 
er to belong to the English. 

Sec. XIV. 1664. Charles the Second, king 
of England, fearful of the consequences of hav- 
ing the Dutch settled in the midst of his colo- 
nies, determined to dispossess them ; and, for 
this purpose, made a grant to his brother, the 

What is said of Indian hostilities 7 

xiiT. Who succeeded Kieft ? What claims did he make ? 

How was the controversy decided ? 

XIV. Why did Charles II. determine to dispossess the Dutch ? 

What grant did he make ? 



52 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Duke of York and Albany, of all the territory 
claimed by the Dutch, together with other parts 
of North America. 

The patent included all the main land of New England 
beginning at St Croix, extending to the rivers Connecti- 
cut and Hudson, " together with the said river called 
Hudson's river, and ail the lands from the west side of 
Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware bay." Col. 
Richard Nichols, with several others, was commission- 
ed to take possession in the king's name, and to exercise 
jurisdiction. 

Sec. XV. Nichols with four frigates, and 
three hundred soldiers, appeared before Man- 
hattan, and demanded the surrender of the fort. 
As the fort was in no condition for defence, 
Stuyvesant, after some negotiation, was com- 
pelled to surrender on the 27th of August, 
1664. The most liberal terms of capitulation 
were granted. 

By the terms of surrender, the governor and 
inhabitants were to become British subjects ; 
to possess their estates without molestation, 
and enjoy their modes of worship without hin- 
drance. New Amsterdam was now called, in 
honor of the duke of York, New York ; and 
Fort Orange, which surrendered soon after, 
was called Albany. 

The squadron then sailed for the Delaware, to reduce 
the Dutch and Swedes on that bay and river, who soon 
were compelled to surrender to the English, 

Col. Nichols represented the town of New York, as be- 

What did this patent include ? Who was commissioned to take 

possession ? 

XV. Give some account of the surrender of New Nctherland totlie 

English ? What were the terms of surrender ? What name 

was given to the country ? How is the town of New York repre- 

sented at this time. 



FROM 1665 TO 1710. 53 

ing at this time, " composed of a few miserable houses, 
occupied by men extremely poor, and the whole in a mean 
condition. He however prognosticated its future great- 
ness, if indulged with the immunities, which he then re- 
commended. 



CHAP. VI. 
FROM 1665 TO ITIO. 

Administration of Nichols. Lovelace. New 
York retaken by the Dutch, and soon after 
restored to the English. Andros. Dongan. 
Revolution. Leister. Sloughter. Bello- 
mont. War with the French, ^c. 

Sec. I. 1665. Nichols having taken pos- 
session of the country, assumed the govern- 
ment, with the title of " deputy governor, 
under his royal highness, the duke of York, 
of all his territories in America." He next 
proceeded to erect a court of assizes, consist- 
ing of the governor, council, and justices of 
the peace, who now commenced the compila- 
tion of a body of laws. 

The court of assizes collected into one code the an- 
cient customs, and usages, with such additional improve- 
ments as the great change of things required, regarding 
the laws of England as the supreme rule. These ordi- 
nances were transmitted to England, and confirmed by 
the duke of York, the following year. 

I. Who assumed the government in 1665? ^Give some account 

of his proceedings. 
In what manner was thi j code established 7 

5* 



54 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



On the 12th of June, the inhabitants of New 
York were incorporated under the care of a 
mayor, five aldermen, and a sheriff. Previous 
to this time the city was ruled by a scout, 
burgomasters, and schepens. 

Sec. II. 1667. After having for three years 
exercised the government with integrity and 
ability, Nichols resigned. Col. Francis Love- 
lace was appointed by the duke to succeed him. 
Under Lovelace, the affairs of the colony were 
happily administered until its re-surrender to 
the Dutch, which put an end to his power, 
and is the only event, that signalized his ad- 
ministration. 

Sec. III. 1673. A second Dutch war having 
recently commenced, a small squadron was 
sent from Holland, which arrived at Staten 
Island, on the 30ih of July. The commander 
of the fort at New York sent a messenger, and 
treacherously surrendered to the enemy. 

The same day, the Dutch ships came up^ 
moored under the fort, landed their men, and 
entered the garrison without giving, or receiv- 
ing a shot. The city immediately followed the 
example of the fort ; and soon after, all New 
Netherland submitted to the same humiliating 
submission. 

Antliony Colve was constituted governor, 
but enjoyed his office for a very short season. 



When was New York incorporated ? 

Ti. Who succeeded Nichols ? What is said of his administra- 
tion ? 

III. Give some account of the surrender of New York to the Dutch. 

Who was constituted governor ? When, and in what manner 

was New York restored to the English ? 



FROM 1665 TO 1710. 35 

On the 9th of F^b. 1674, a treaty of peace 
was concluded between England and the 
States General of Holland, by which New 
Netherlands was restored to the English. 

Sec. IV. 1674. At the close of the war, the 
duke of York, to remove all controversy re- 
specting his property in America, took out a 
new patent from the king ; and commissioned 
Maj. Edward Andros, '' governor of New York, 
and all his territories in these parts." The 
Dutch, in October, resigned their authority to 
Andros, who immediately received the submis- 
sion of the inhabitants. 

Andros, the following year, made efforts to 
acquire the country of Connecticut river, but 
was effectually frustrated by the spirited con- 
duct of the Connecticut colony. 

1677. Andros sent a sloop with some forces 
to the Province of Maine, to take possession 
of the lands, which had been granted to the 
duke of York ; and in the following year built 
a fort at Pemaquid. 

The province of New York coTitained, at this time, 
about twentyfour towns, villages, or parishes, in six pre- 
cincts, ridings, or courts of sessions. The niilitia of the 
province amounted to about two thousand. 

Its annual exports, beside peas, beef, pork, tobacco 
and peltry, consisted of about sixty thousand bushels of 
wheat. Its annual imports were to the value of about 
fifty thousand pounds. The city of New York contained 
at this period three hundred and fortythree houses. 

The administration of Andros appears not to have been 
remarkably popular. The principal part of his public 

IV. Who was appointed Governor? What efforts did he make 

the following year : What enterprise in 1677. 

What can you say of the colony at this time ? Its exports ? 

Imports ? City ofJV. Y, ? Of Andros' s administration ? 



56 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

proceedings, during his continuance in the province, was 
comprised in the ordinary acts of 'the government, which 
then consisted mostly in passing of grants, and presiding 
in the court of assize. 

Sec. v. 1682. Thomas Dongan was ap- 
pointed by the duke of York, to supersede 
Andros in the government of the province ; but 
did not arrive at New York, until August of the 
following year. 

1683. The court of assizes, council, and 
corporation of New York having requested 
that the people should have a participation in 
the choice of their rulers, on the arrival of 
Dongan, orders were given to summon the 
freeholders for the choice of representatives. 
The assembly consisted of a council of ten, 
and house of representatives consisting of 
eighteen members. 

Sec. VI. 1686. James the Second, formerly 
duke of York, having now come to the throne, 
refused, on the renewal of governor Dongan's 
commission, to confirm the privileges granted, 
when he was duke. The assembly was prohib- 
ited, and printing forbidden. Much disaffec- 
tion at this time prevailed among the colonists 
on account of the appointment of professed 
papists to the principal crown offices. Alba- 
ny was this year incorporated. 

In the following year, the French court aim- 
ed a blow, which threatened to destroy the Brit- 
ish interest in North America. M. Denonville 

When, and by whom was Andros superseded ? What took 

place on the arrival of Dongan ? 

VI. What took place on the accession of James II. ? Thefollovv- 

ing year ? 



FROM 1G65 TO 1710. 57 

with fifteen hundred French and five hundred 
Indians took the field against the Senecas. 
The latter were known to be firmly attached to 
the English, and it was therefore determined to 
make them examples of French resentment to 
all others. 

When Denonville with his army had arrived within a 
quarter of a league of the chief village of the Senecas, 
the Indians, who lay in ambush, suddenly raised the war 
shout, with a discharge of fire-arjns. This surprise threw 
the French into confusion, of which the Senecas took 
the advantage, and fell on them with great fury ; but the 
French Indians rallied, at length, and repulsed them. 

In this action, a hundred Frenchmen, ten French In- 
dians, and about eighty Senecas were killed. The next 
day, Denonville marched forward with the intention of 
burning the village, but found it in ashes. The Senecas 
had burned it, and fled. Nothing was left to employ the 
valor of the soldiers, but the corn in the fields, which they 
effectually destroyed. 

The war was undertaken by the French chiefly to put a 
stop to the English trade, which was extending itself into 
the continent, and would in consequence ruin theirs. De- 
nonville soon after returned to Canada. 

Sec. VII. 1688. It was determined to add New 
York and the Jerseys, to the jurisdiction of New 
England. A new commission was passed in 
March appointing Andros captain-general, 
and vice-admiral over the whole. 

Francis Nicholson was soon after named his 
lieutenant, with the accustomed authority. 
The constitution established, on this occasion, 
was a legislative and executive governor, and 

Give some account of the action? What was the object of 

the French in this war ? 
vii, What alteration was made in the government in 1688 ? 



58 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

council, who were appointed by the king, with- 
out the consent of the people. 

In the following year James having abdicated, William, 
prince of Orange, and Mary, daughter of James, ascend- 
ed the throne. This intelligence was joyfully received at 
New York. 

Sec. VIII. 1689. Jacob Leisler, with forty- 
nine men, seized the garrison at New York, 
and held it for the prince of Orange. William 
and Mary were proclaimed there in June ; and 
the province was now ruled by a committee of 
safety, at the head of which was Leisler. 

Andros had been previously seized and im- 
prisoned by the citizens of Boston. Nichol- 
son, with the council and civil officers, made all 
the opposition in their power to Leisler, but it 
was ineffectual. Nicholson absconded, and 
Leisler assumed supreme authority. 

Leisler's assumption of command excited the envy and 
hatred of many of the people ; at the head of whom were 
Col. Bayard and the mayor, who being unable to make any 
effectual resistance in New York, retired to Albany. 

A letter arrived from England, directed . to " Francis 
Nicholson, Esq., or in his absence, to such as, for the 
time being, take care for preserving the peace and admin- 
istering the laws." Nicholson having absconded, Leisler 
considered the letter directed to himself, and assumed the 
title and authority of lieutenant governor. 

Sec. IX. Albany, though friendly to William 
and Mary, refused subjection to Leisler ; to 
compel which, Leisler sent his son in law. Mil- 
born, with an armed force. Albany was re- 

VIII. Give some account of the revolution, which took plac© in 
1689. 

JVhat is said of Leisler^ s assumption of command ? 

IX. What occurred at Albany? 



FROM 1665 TO 1710, 59 

duced in the following spring, and Nicholson 
and Bayard imprisoned. 

During the year 1689, the Five Nations re- 
newed their covenant with the English, and 
soon after made a descent upon Montreal in 
Canada, attended with terrible massacre and 
devastation. Many plantations were burned, 
and the whole French colony thrown into con- 
sternation. 

Sec. X. 1690. Count Frontenac detached 
several parties of French and Indians from 
Canada, to take different routes into the Eng- 
hsh territories. One party, consisting of 150 
French and Indian traders, and as many In- 
dians, surprised and destroyed Schenectady. 
The assault was made about 12 o'clock on Sat- 
urday night, and 60 men, women, and children 
were massacred. 

The inhabitants had no intimation of their approach, 
until their doors were broken open, and the enemy enter- 
ed, and began the perpetration of the most inhuman bar- 
barities. No tongue, says Col. Schuyler, can express the 
cruelties that were committed. 

Sec. XI. 1 69 1 . Col. Henry Sloughter arrived 
at New York, with the commission of governor 
of the province. The first assembly, after the 
revolution, was hold en on the ninth of April. 
The province was, by an act of the assembly, 
divided into ten counties. 

The arbitrary acts of James were repealed, 
and the former privileges restored to the colo- 

What enterprise of the Indians in 16S9 ? 

X. What enterprise of the French in 1690 ? 

XI. Who was next appointed govcrn®r of New York ? What 

took place on his arrival 1 



60 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

ny. Leisler and Milborne, having made a vain 
attempt to retain their authority and refused to 
deUver up the fort to the governor, were con- 
demned to death for high treason, and soon af- 
ter executed. Sloughter died suddenly in July, 
1691, and ended a short, but weak, and turbu- 
lent administration. 

Tho distractions in the province so entirely engrossed 
the public attention, that the Indian allies, who had been 
left solely to contend against the common enemy, became 
extremely disaffected. In the summer of 1691, Major 
Schuyler with a party of Mohawks passed through Lake 
Champlain, and made a bold and successful irruption into 
the French settlements at the north end of the lake. The 
design in this descent was to animate the Indians, and 
continue their hostility to the French. They, according- 
ly, continued their hostilities against them, and by fre- 
quent incursions, kept the country in constant alarm. 

An Indian, called Black Kettle, commanded in these 
excursions of the Five Nations, and his successes so ex- 
asperated the French, that they ordered an Indian prison- 
er to be burnt alive. The bravery of this savage was as 
extraordinary, as the torments inflicted on him w'ere cruel. 
He sung his military achievements without interruption, 
even while his bloody executioners practised all possible 
barbarities. They broiled his feet, thrust his fingers into 
red hot pipes, cut his joints, and twisted the sinews with 
bars of iron. After this, his scalp was ripped ofiT, and hot 
sand poured on the wound. 

Sec. XII. 1692. On the death of governor 
Sloughter, the council committed the chief 
command to Richard Ingolsby. In August, 
Col. Benjamin Fletcher arrived, with a com- 



TVhat is said of the Indian affairs ? Of Schuyler'' s expedition ? 

llHiat was the design of this descent ? fV/iat is said of their in- 

cursio7is? Of Black Kettle ? 

XII. \yho was appointed governor in 1G92 ? 



FROM 1665 TO 1710. 61 

mission of governor. In the following year, 
he introduced the episcopal clmrch into the 
province. 

Early in the year 1693, Count Frontenac, 
with an army of six or seven hundred French 
and Indians, made an irruption into the terri- 
tory of the Mohavv^ks. In this descent, three 
hundred of the Indians, in the interest of the 
English, were made prisoners. 

Col. Schuyler, with a party from Albany, 
pursued the enemy, and several skirmishes en- 
sued. When the French reached the north 
branch of Hudson's river, a cake of ice ,oppor- 
tunely served them to cross it, and Schuyler, 
v/ho had retaken about fifty Indians, desisted 
from the pursuit. The French, in this enter- 
prise, lost about eighty men. 

By the charter of Connecticut, that state had exclusive 
power over its own militia ; but, by the plenary powers 
vested in the governor of New York, he had also command 
over them. Fletcher, the governor, insisted on submission, 
which being refused, he went to Hartford while the legis- 
lature were in session, to compel obedience. 

He ordered his commission to be fead to the trainbands 
of Hartford, then under exercise of their senior officer, 
Cap!. Wadsworth. As soon as the reading commenced, 
the captain ordered the drums to beat. It was in vain, 
that the governor commanded silence. Three attempts 
were made to read, each of which was futile ; the governor 
crying out, *' silence, silence," and the captain bawling 
*' drum, drum." 

At length the governor, on being told by Wadsworth, 
that if he again interrupted his drumming he would " make 
the sun shine through him," relinquished all hope of suc- 
cess, against such obstinacy, and returned to New York. 

Give some account of the incursion of the French in 1693. 

For what did Fletcher so to Connecticut 7 Hoio did ke sue- 

teed 7 

6 



62 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. XIII. Mr Fletcher's administration was 
characterised by much turbulence, and frequent 
disagreement between him and the assembly. 
The raising and appropriating the revenue, and 
the religious concerns of the colony, consti- 
tuted the usual subjects of controversy. He 
left the province in 1695. 

An act had been passed by the assembly for the support 
and encouragement of the clergy. Fletcher, who was a 
bigoted episcopalian, made efforts to have the act so framed, 
that the appropriations might be exclusively devoted to the 
episcopal clergy. 

In their session of April, on receiving a petition from 
the ch\irch wardens and vestrymen of the city of New 
York, the House declared it to be their opinion, " That 
the vestrymen and church wardens have a power to call a 
dissenting protestant minister, and, that he is to be paid 
and maintained, as the act directs." 

Trinity Church, in the city of New York, v/as built in 
*the following year ; and the Reformed Protestant Dutch 
Church incorporated. The city at this time contained five 
hundred and ninetyfour houses, and six thousand inhabi- 
tants. The shipping of New York consisted of forty ships, 
sixtytwo sloops, and sixty boats. 

Sec. XIV. In 1696, Frontenac made another 
irruption with a Targe force, and carried devas- 
tation into the possessions of the Five Nations. 
After this expedition, small parties of the In- 
dians, in the English interest, continued to harass 
the inhabitants near Montreal; and similar 
parties, in the French interest, to harass those 
near Albany, until the peace of Ryswick, in 
1697. 

XIII. What is said of his administration ? What were the sub- 
jects of controversy ? 

What can you say of the city at this time ? 
xir. What can you say of the war in 169S ? 



FROM J 665 TO 1710. 63 

Sec. XV. 1698. Richard, earl of Bellomont, 
who had been appointed the previous year to 
succeed Fletcher, arrived, and assumed the 
government. The assembly of the province, 
at this time, consisted of but nineteen members. 

In the following year, M. de Caliieres, succeeding Count 
Frontenac as governor of Canada, terminated the existing 
disputes between the French and the Five Nations, by 
agreeing to have an exchange of prisoners at Onondaga. 

Sec. XVI. Lord Bellomont died in March, 
1701, and John Nanfan, who had been pre- 
viously appointed lieutenant governor, arrived 
soon after, and assumed the command. Lord 
Cornbury was appointed governor the following 
year. After an administration, distinguished 
only by his oppression, avarice, and injustice, 
he was superseded, in 1708, by lord Lovelace. 
The war between England and France was 
again proclaimed in 1702; but, with the ex- 
ception of an expedition against Canada some 
years after, its operations in the colony were 
not attended with any remarkable event. 

In 1701, a Court of Chancery was organised in the 
province of New York. During the summer of the follow- 
ing year, an uncommon mortality prevailed in the city of 
New York, which distinguished this period, as " the time 
of the great sickness." Three years after, the city was 
thrown into great consternation by the appearance of a 
French privateer in the harbor. 

A fruitless attempt was made, in 1709, to conquer Can- 
ada, in which the province of New York discovered much 
zeal. Besides raising several companies, she procured sij^ 

XV. By whom was Fletcher succeeded? 

xvf. Who succeeded Lord Bellomont.'' »Who were the next 

governors ? — -What is said of Cornbury ? -What is said of the war ? 



64 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

hundred Indians, paid their wages, and maintained a thou- 
sand of their wives and children at Albany, while they 
were in the campaign, at the expense of above twenty 
thousand pounds. 

In 1710, Col. Schuyler went to England, to inculcate 
on the ministry, the absolute necessity of reducing Canada 
to the crown of Great Britain. The more effectually to 
accomplish this, he carried with him five Indian chiefs ; 
who gave assurances to the queen of their fidelity, and 
solicited her assistance against their common enemies, the 
French. 



CHAP. VII. 
FROM 1710 TO 1743. 

Huntcr''s administration. Expedition against 
Canada. Administration of Burnet, Mont- 
gomery, Crosby, and Clarke, 

Sec, I. 1710. Col. Robert Hunter was ap- 
pointed, governor of the province, and arrived 
in June. He brought over with him near three 
thousand Palatines, who had fled to England, 
the year before, from the rage of persecution 
in Germany. 

Many of these people settled in the city of 
New York ; others, on a tract of several thou- 
sand acres in the manor of Livingston ; while 
others went into Pennsylvania. 

Sec II. In 1711, Nicholson went to Eng- 
land, and solicited another expedition against 
Canada, which was granted, and an armament 
ordered, proportional to the magnitude of the 

I. Who was appointed governor in 1710 ? Who came over with 

him? 



FROM 1710 TO 1743. 65 

enterprise. New York, New England, New 
Jersey, and Pennsylvania provided the quotas 
of iiien intended for the expedition. 

Soon after his return from Europe, Nicholson proceed- 
ed to Albany to take command of the troops of Connecti- 
cut, New York, and New Jersey, consisting of about a 
thousand Palatines, who had come to New York some time 
before, six hundred Indians, and the regiments com- 
manded by Colonels Whiting, Schuyler and Ingolsby ; 
amounting, in the whole to upwards of four thousand. 

The fleet, consisting of fifteen men of war, forty trans- 
ports, six store ships, and an excellent train of artillery, 
under the command of Sir Hovenden Walker, set sail 
from Boston with a land army, consisting of five regi- 
ments from Europe, and two, from Massachusetts, Rhode 
Island, and New Hampshire, making in all about seven 
thousand. 

The Admiral arrived in the St. Lawrence early in Au- 
gust, and on the 22d, in a thick fog and high wind, the 
fleet was driven on the rocks and shoals of the north shore. 
Eight or nine of the British transports were lost, and above 
a thousand lives, besides great damage done to the vessels 
saved. The Admiral bore away for Spanish bay, where, 
after full consultation, it was agreed to abandon the expe- 
dition. 

Gen. Nicholson, who had proceeded as far as lake 
George with his troops, received information of the failure 
of the enterprise, and retreated. 

Sec. hi. The conquest of Canada had been 
an object of earnest desire, and sanguine ex- 
pectation to the colony ; and tlie failure of this 
last enterprise was attended by circumstances, 
equally mortifying and calamitous. They had 
suffered heavy losses, and were again exposed 
to the depredations of their ancient foe. The 

II. What expedition was soon after undertaken ? 
Give some account of it 

III. What is said of the failure of his enterprise ? 

6* 



66 HISTORy OF NEW YORK. 

war was however terminated, in 1713, by the 
treaty of Utrecht, and their apprehensions, for 
the present, reheved. 

In 1712, the Tuscarora Indians, after having been de- 
feated in an attempt to exterminate the English settlers in 
North Carolina, abandoned their country, and repaired to 
the Five Nations, who received them into their confede- 
racy, and made them the sixth nation. 

The same year, the negroes in New York, in the execu- 
tion of a plot to set fire to the city, burned a house in the 
night, and killed several people, who come to extinguish 
the fire. Nineteen of the incendiaries v/ere afterward 
executed. 

Sec. IV. During the early part of Hunter's 
administration, much disagreement prevailed 
between the different departments of govern- 
.ment, and their respective partisans. His ex- 
ercising the office of chancellor was received 
with high disapprobation by a large portion of 
the inhabitants. Before his leaving the pro- 
vince, they appear to have become reconciled, 
and the most perfect concord to have subsisted. 

Hunter, by the advice of his council, began to exercise 
the office of chancellor in October, 1712. Van Dam and 
Philipse were appointed masters. Whillman, register, 
Harrison examiner, and Sharpas and Broughton, clerks. 
A proclamation was then issued to signify the sitting of the 
court, which gave rise to the two following resolutions of 
the house. ".Resolved, that the erecting a court of chan- 
cery, without consent in general assembly, is contrary to 
daw, and of dangerous consequence to the liberty and pro- 
perty of the subjects ; and, "That the establishing fees, 
without consent in general assembly, is contrary to law." 
The assembly were prorogued the next session. 

Hunter left the province in 1719, and the ^ 

Of the Tuscarora Indians 1 Of a plot in A'^ew York 7 

IV. What can you say of Hunter's administration ? 



FROM 1710 TO 1743. 6T 

command devolved on Peter Schuyler. Dur- 
ing his short administratign, Schuyler conduct- 
ed the aflairs of the colony with prudence and 
integrity. Little is observable in his time, ex- 
cept a treaty at Albany, with the Indians for con- 
firming the ancient league. 

Sec. V. 1720. On the ITthof September, Wil- 
liam Burnet, Esq. assumed the government of 
the province, and soon after obtained an act 
from the assembly, prohibiting the trade be- 
tween New York and Canada. This prohibit- 
ory act had a very beneficial effect on the in- 
terests of the colony. 

From the conclusion of the peace of Utrecht, a consid- 
erable trade was carried on between Albany and Canada, 
for goods saleabb among the Indians. The object of this 
act was to draw the Indian trade into New York ; and to 
obstruct the communication between the French and the 
Indian allies, which gave them frequent opportunities of 
seducing them from their fidelity; and to regain the Cagh- 
auagas, who had become interested in their disaffection, 
by being the carriers between Albany and Montreal. 

Sec. VI. In 1720, for the purpose of securing 
the benefit of the trade, and friendship of the 
Six Nations, Gov. Burnet erected a trading 
house at Oswego, in the country of the Senecas. 

This establishment naturally excited the jealousy of the 
French, who, in 1726, launched two vessels into lake On- 
tario, and transported materials to Niagara, for building a 
store house, and repairing the fort. Their object was nci^ 
only to secure the entrance into the west end of the lake, 
but likewise to carry their trade more westerly, and thus 

Of Schuyler ? 

V. Who was appointed governor in 1720 ? What act was 

passed. 

Wliat is said of the trade with Canada ? 
What measures were taken by the French ? 

VI. What took place in 1720. 



68 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

render Oswego useless, by shortening the travels of the 
western Indians near two hundred miles. 

Sec. VII. In 172T, Burnet erected a fort 
for the protection of the estabhshments at Os- 
wego, and made all the exertions in his power 
to defeat the designs of the French at Niagara. 
He was, however, much embarrassed by the 
opposition he received from the assembly. 

The prohibitory act, passed soon after his arrival, not- 
withstanding its salutary influence on the interests of the 
colony, was extremely unpopular. This, with several 
decrees in chancery, and other untoward circumstances, 
proved the source of a violent and unreasonable oppo- 
sition in the assembly. 

Sec. VIII. A new assembly met in Septem- 
ber, but consisted entirely of members disaf- 
fected to the governor. They v/ere dissolved 
by him, and he immediately resigned the gov- 
ernment, and was appointed to the command of 
Massachusetts Bay. Notwithstanding the tur- 
bulence of Burnet's administration, none ever 
conducted the affairs of the colony with more 
ability and integrity. 

Sec. IX. 1728, James Montgomery, Esq. 
having been appointed to supersede Burnet, 
arrived, and, April 15th, received the great 
seal of the province, and assumed the govern- 
ment. 

In the following year, the acts of Mr Burnet 
were repealed by the king, and the trade 
between Albany and Montreal encouraged 

VII. What establishment was made at Oswego ? For what ob- 

j ect ? 

VIII. What measures were pursued by Burnet ? 

Vfliat rendered^im unpopular ? ^ 

What is said of his administration ? 

IX. By whom was he superseded ? 



FROM 1710 TO 1743. 69 

though much to the prejudice of the national 
interest. Montgomery's short administration 
presents a period of great tranquilUty, and 
was not distinguished by any remarkable 
event. 

Sec. X. 1731, Governor Montgomery died in 
July, and the command devolved upon Rip Van 
Dam, Esq., who was the oldest counsellor. 

This administration was unfortunately signal- 
ized by the memorable encroachment at Crown- 
Point. By the erection of fort St. Frederick, 
the French secured the absolute command of 
lake Champlain. 

Sec. XI. J 732. In August, William Crosby, 
Esq. arrived with a commission to govern the 
province, and commenced his administration 
under the most favorable auspices. 

Attempts had been made the preceding year in the 
British parliament, for the encouragement of the sugar 
colonies, and the consequent depression of the American 
trade. These attempts had excited general apprehension 
in the colony of New York, for the safety of her com- 
merce. 

Governor Crosby, while in England, had been very ac~ 
tive in his opposition to these measures. The inhabitants 
of New York were on this account deeply prejudiced in 
his favor, and no appointment could, at this time, have 
been made, more in accordance with their wishes. 

On his arrival, he issued his proclamation adjourning 
the assembly to the 19th of August. One of the first 
acts of this body, upon their meeting, was to vote an ad- 
dress to his excellency, congratulating him on his safe ar- 

X. What followed ? When, and in what manner was this ad- 
ministration terminated ? 

XI. Who succeeded to the command ? What is said of his ad- 
ministration ? 

Who was the next governor ? 

How was his appointment received by the people ? -TVfiy ? ~- 

TVhat vote was passed by the assembly ? 



70 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



rival, and to return him the thanks of the house for his 
opposition, while in England, to the act in favor of the 
sugar islands. 

The governor, in his communications to the house, in- 
timated his confidence in receiving from it a revenue, in 
as full and ample a manner, as had been granted in for- 
mer assemblies, and directed their attention to the garrison 
at Oswego, representing the place to be in a ruinous con- 
dition, and its importance in securing and maintaining 
the Indian trade. The assembly, in its answer to the 
governor, was profuse in terms of respect ; but cautious 
in committing itself, on the subject of revenue. 

Sec. XII. The finances were at this time 
much embarrassed ; while the frequent de- 
mands for suppUes, had imposed a serious bur- 
then upon the colony, and afforded much 
reason for complaint. The wars between 
France and England had almost drained its re- 
sources, and subjected it to a heavy debt. 

The assembly, however, proceeded to make liberal ap- 
propriations for the several objects proposed by the gover- 
nor. In addition to the numerous others, bills were pass- 
ed, for encouraging a public school to teach Latin, Greek, 
and the mathematics ; for discharging the demands upon 
the trading house at Oswego, and for confirming to the 
city of New York its rights and privileges. 

Sec. XIII. 1734. The establishment of a 
court of equity was agitated in the assembly. 
The governors had previously exercised the 
office of chancellor. This exercise of power 
had, for a long time, excited the jealousy of 
the colonists, and been productive of much 
rancorous controversy. After an animated 
debate, the assembly were unable to come to 
any resolution. 

Give some account of the. governor's communications. 
XII. What is said of the finances at this time ? 
Give some account of the proceedings of the assembly. 
jtiii. What is said of the establishment of a court of equity ? 



FROM 1710 TO 1743. 71 

The court party had insisted, that the governor was, tx 
officio y chancellor of the colony; while the popular party 
had warmly opposed this position, and denied, that such 
a court could exist, unless by prescription, or by act of 
parliament. 

Some time after the close of the session, certain publi- 
cations appeared in a paper, called '' Zenger's New York 
Weekly Journal," which contained severe animadver- 
sions on the government. This paper was supposed to 
be published under the patronage of Mr Van Dam, and- 
was, of course, decidedly hostile to the court. 

Several printed ballads likewise appeared, which placed 
some of the members of the legislature in a ludicrous 
point of view, insomuch that the governor and council 
considered the subject worthy of notice. 

They voted, that the obnoxious numbers of Zenger's 
paper, and two printed ballads, were derogatory to the 
dignity of his majesty's government; that they contained 
reflections upon the legislature, and the most distinguish- 
ed persons in the colony, and tended to raise sedition and 
tumult. They likewise voted, that said papers and bal- 
lads should be burnt by the common hangman. 

The attorney general afterwards filed an information 
against Zenger for these libels, upon which he was ac- 
quitted, after having lain in prison eight months. His 
acquittal was generally satisfactory. 

Sec. XIV. Notwithstanding the favorable 
circumstances, under which Crosby com- 
menced his administration, it became, during 
the latter part, extremely unpopular, and ex- 
perienced a violent and powerful opposition. 
The long continuance of the assembly 
without a re-election afforded just ground for 
complaint. This body repeatedly petitioned 
the governor to be dissolved, so as to enable 

Give some account of Zens^er's publications. Of the measures 

of the governor and council. 

Sec. XIV. What can yoti say of the latter part of Crosby's admin- 
istration ?- What afforded ground for complaint ? 



72 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

its constituents to signify, by the elective fran- 
chise, their opinion of the measures it had 
pursued. 

The governor, who was well aware, that a new assem- 
bly would be less conformable to his views, refused to dis- 
solve them, and, resisting every effort for a re-election, 
continued them through the whole of his administration. 

Among the last acts of Gov. Crosby, was his declaring 
Rip Van Dam, Esq. suspended from his seat, as counsel- 
lor of the province. Van Dam was extremely obnoxious 
to the governor, and upon the governor's demise, being 
senior counsellor, would have again succeeded to the gov- 
ernment, as president of the colony. 

Sec. XV. Governor Crosby died on the 
7th of March, 1736. 

No governor commenced an administration with better 
prospects, and greater popularity ; or endeavored less to 
retain the confidence and respect of the people. With 
high opinions of prerogative, and decided hostility to free 
and equal legislation, he became at length odious to the 
colony, and many of his best friends deserted him. 

Yet his amiable qualities must not be forgotten. He 
was affable and courteous in his deportment ; honest and 
sincere in his private transactions. Though not possessed 
of talents, either splendid or great ; he was attentive to 
the concerns of the colony, and to the fair and impartial 
administration of justice. 

Sec. XVI. 1736. After the death of Gov. 
Crosby, the council were immediately conve- 
ned, and George Clarke, the senior counsellor, 
next after Rip Van Dam, was declared presi- 
dent, and assumed the government. 

Why did ilic governor refuse to dissolve the assembly ? Why 

was Van Dam suspended '! 

Sec. XV. How was Crosby's administration terminated ? 
What can you say of his character ? 
Sec. XVI. Wlio assumed tiie government ? 



FROM JVIU TO 1743. 73 

A powerful party was, however, formed in 
favor of Mr Van Dam, and his suspension from 
the council was, by many, declared to be arbi- 
trary and illegal. 

The council, who were almost unanimous in the sup- 
port of Mr Clarke, voted, that provision should be made 
against any disturbances, that might ensue. Orders were 
issued, forbidding any person to recognise the pretensions 
of Mr Van Dam. A large quantity of gunpowder was direct- 
ed to be procured, and to be placed in the fort for defence. 

Mr Van Dam was not deterred by the menacing atti- 
tude of affairs, but proceeded to call the council, and aS' 
sumed the title of commander in chief, and president of 
the colony. He appointed several of the chartered officers 
of the city, and was about to exercise other powers inci- 
dent to the office he had assumed. 

Sec. XVII. In the midst of this contention, 
and by the advice of the council, Mr Clarke 
convened the assembly, by whom he was re- 
cognised as president of the colony. On the 
30th of October, he received from England the 
commission of lieutenant governor, which was 
published with the usual solemnities. This 
event put an end to the claims of Mr Van Dam. 

In his address to the assembly, Mr Clarke alluded to 
the unhappy divisions, which had arisen in the colony, 
and strongly recommended the legislature to provide for 
its defence, safety, and prosperity. He directed their at- 
tention to the deficiencies in the revenue, and the impor- 
tance of ship building. He requested the house to pro-, 
vide for the finishing of fortifications already commenced, 
particularly Fort Hunter, which he represented to be in a 
ruinous condition, and the establishment at Oswego, which 
was in want of repairs. 

Who else made pretensions to it ? 

Of whom were the council in favor 7 What vote did they pass? 

Wliat measures did Van Dam take 7 

XVII. What put an end to his claims ? 

What can you say of the lieutenant governor'' s address 7 



74 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. XVIII. The assembly proceeded to act 
on the subjects recommended, but, in their ap- 
propriations, expressly limited the revenue to 
be raised to the specific deficiencies reported 
to the house. The lieutenant governor, wishing 
to have the direction of the revenue, took of- 
fence at these limitations, and dissolved the 
assembly. 

At the new elections, the people were much 
divided, and great exertions were made by the 
contending parties for success. The popular 
party were however triumphant. The new 
assembly w^as more decidedly opposed to the 
views of the lieutenant governor, than the old, 
and their controversies continued to embroil 
the colony during the whole of his administra- 
tion. 

In these contests the assembly were generally success- 
ful. In their second session, 1737, the house departed 
from their accustomed mode of .proceeding, and, instead 
of voting to take the governor's speech into consideration, 
voted, that his honor, the lieutenant governor, be address- 
ed. This address was a bold and decided expose of their 
sentiments, and sufficiently evinces the proud and unbrok- 
en spirit of the colonists, incapable of being awed or 
soothed into submission by the arts or power of their ru- 
lers. Both in style and matter, it is a remarkable produc- 
tion, and highly honorable to the times in which it was 
formed. 

On the subject of revenue, the house adopted tlie fol- 
lowing energetic language. " We therefore beg leave to 
be plain with your honor, and hope you will not take it 
amiss, when we tell you, that you are not to expect, that 
v/e either will raise sums unfit to be raised, or put what we 

xviir. What can you say of the assembly ? What was the char- 
acter of the new assembly ? 

JVhat i.s said of these contests! Vf^at vote was passed in 

1737 ? Give some account of this add7-ess. 



FROM 1710 TO 1743. 75 

shall raise into the power of a governor to misapply, if we 
can prevent it ; nor shall we make up any other deficien- 
cies, than what we conceive are fit and just to be paid, or 
continue what support or revenue we shall raise for any 
longer time than one year, nor do we think it convenient 
to do even that, until such laws are passed, as we con- 
ceive necessary for the safety of the inhabitants of this 
colony, who have reposed a trust in us for that only pur- 
pose, and which we are sure you will think it reasonable, 
we should act agreeable to, and by the grace of God, we 
shall endeavor not to deceive them." 

The character of the assembly, at this period, for firm- 
ness, ih what it deemed the essential interests of the colo- 
ny, cannot be disputed. The legislature, which had pre- 
viously been mostly under the control of the governors, 
now began to perceive its importance in the scale of gov- 
ernment. It possessed the germe of that independence 
and freedom, which afterwards ripened and displayed it- 
self in securing the liberties of our country. It felt the 
dignity due to its own character, and neither ministerial 
smiles nor frowns could sway it from the path of duty. 

In 1738, Capt. Norris, of the ship Tartar, then lying 
in the harbor of New York, made application to the may- 
or for liberty to impress thirty seamen to man his vessel. 
The governor and council ordered the mayor to cause the 
impressment to be made. The mayor peremptorily refus-' 
ed to obey the order, and the governor and council pru- 
dently declined taking any measures to compel obedience. 

In 1741, the negroes formed a plot to burn the city. 
One hundred and fiftyfour were committed to prison, of 
whom fourteen were burnt at the stake, eighteen hanged, 
seventyone transported, and the remainder pardoned or 
discharged for want of proof. 

Twenty white persons were committed, of whom two 
only were executed. The city of New York contained, 
at this time, tv/elve thousand souls, of whom, one sixth 
were slaves. 

TVhat is said of the legislature at this period ? 

What application was made to the Mayor of A^ew York ? 

What ivas the result oj this application 7 — —Give some account of 
the plot in 1741. 



76 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. XIX. Governor Clarke closed his ad- 
ministration in September, 1743. Like that of 
his predecessor, it was distinguished by a strict 
and pertinacious adherence to prerogative, and 
presents little else, than an arduous and con- 
tinued struggle for ascendency between the go- 
vernor and the assembly, supported by their 
respective partisans. 

With few exceptions, he evinced a strong desire to con- 
ciliate the affections of the people, and, apart from his 
notions of monarchy he contributed much to the prosperi- 
ty of the colony. His constant attention to the promo- 
tion of trade and commerce entitled him to our applause. 



XIX. When did lieutenant governor Clarke close his administration P 
— What can you say of it ? 
For what was he entitled to applause ? 



FROM 1743 TO 1760. 77 

CHAP. VIII. 
FROM 1743, TO 1760. 

George Clinton appointed Governor. War 
ivith France. Expedition against Louis- 
burg. Incursions of the Frendi and Indians. 
Operations of the ivar in 1746. Capture of 
the Frenchfeet. Indian depredations. Ter- 
mination of the war. Osborne appointed 
Governor^ dies, and is succeeded by Delancey. 
Hostilities again commenced ivith the French. 
Colonial Convention. Hardy appointed Gov- 
ernor. Colonies prosecute the war. 

Sec. I. 1743. His excellency, George 
Clinton, was appointed to supersede Mr 
Clarke, as governor of the colony. He arrived 
on the 23d of September, and assumed the 
administration of the government. 

The arrival of Governor Clinton was highly 
gratifying to the feelings of the colonists. 
The assembly was, according to custom, dis- 
solved, and a new one elected. In addressing 
them, the language of the governor was mild 
and unassuming. Their reply v/as complimen- 
tary, and passed over in silence the former 
subjects of controversy between the executive 
and the assembly. 



Who succeeded Mr Clarke ? What is said of his arrival ? 

7* 



78 HISTORY or NEW YORK. 

Sec. II. 1744. War was declared between 
France and England, and great preparations 
were made on both sides for its prosecution. 
A similar spirit pervaded their respective co- 
lonies in America. Large appropriations were 
made by the assembly of New York, for put- 
ting the country in a posture of defence. 

Sec. III. In 1745, the English colonies uni- 
ted in forming an expedition against Louis- 
biirg, the capital of Cape Breton Island, 
which was entrusted to the command of Sir 
William Pepperell. This important fortress 
was surrendered by the French in June. 
Five thousand pounds were voted by the as- 
sembly of New York for the promotion of this 
enterprise. 

The troops destined 'for this expedition, mostly from 
New England, were embarked at Canso, and the fleet, 
under General Pepperell and Commodore Warren, ar- 
rived in ChapearogLie bay, on the 13th of April. The 
enemy were, until this moment, in profound ignorance that 
any attack was meditated against them. 

" The sight of the transports gave the alarm to the 
French, and a detachment was sent to oppose the landing 
of the troops. But while the general diverted the atten- 
tion of the enemy by a feint at one place, he was landing 
his men at another. 

The next mornuig, four hundred of the English march- 
ed round the hills to the northeast harbor, setting fire 
to all the houses and stores, till they came within a mile 
of the royal battery. The conflagration of the stores, 
in which was a considerable quantity of tar, concealed the 

II. When, and with whom was war declared ? What measure* 

were taken by the assembly ? 

III. What expedition w; s undertaken by the colonies ?— — What 
was its success ? 

Crive some account of it. 



FROM 1743 TO 1760. 79 

English troops, at the same time, that it increased thd 
alarm of the French so greatly, that they precipitately aban- 
doned the royal battery. Upon their flight the English 
took possession of it, and by means of a well directed 
fire from it, seriously damaged the town. 

The main body of the army now commenced the siege. 
For fourteen nights they were occupied in drawing can- 
non towards the town, over a morass, in which oxen and 
horses could not be used. Incredible was the toil ; but 
what could not men accomplish, who had been accus- 
tomed to draw the pines of the forest for masts ? By 
the twentieth of May several fascine batteries had been 
erected, one of which mounted five fortytwo pounders. 
On opening these batteries, they did great execution. 

In the m.eantime Commodore Warren captured the 
Vigilant, a French ship of seventyfour guns, and with her 
five hundred and sixty men, together with great quantities 
of military stores. This capture was of great conse- 
quence, as it not only increased the English force and 
added to their military supplies, but as it seriously less- 
ened the strength of the enemy. Shortly after this cap- 
ture, the number of the English fleet was considerably 
augmented by the arrival of several men of war. A 
combined attack by sea and land was now determined on, 
and fixed for the eighteenth of June. 

Previously to the arrival of this additional naval force, 
much had been accomplished towards the reduction of the 
place. The inland battery had been silenced ; the west- 
ern gate of the town was beaten down, and a breach ef- 
fected in the wall; the circular battery of sixteen guns 
was nearly ruined, and the western flank of the king's 
bastion v/as nearly demolished. 

Such being the injured state of the works, and perceiv- 
ing preparations making for a joint assault, to sustain 
which little prospect remained, on the 15th the enemy 
desired a cessation of hostilities, and on the 17th of 
June, after a siege of fortynine days, the city of Louis- 
burg, and the island of Cape Breton, were surrendered 
to his Britanic majesty. 

Thus successfully terminated a daring expedition, which 
had been undertaken without the knowledge of the mo- 
ther country. The acquisition of the fortress of Louis-- 



80 HISTORY OF NEW YORK, 

burg was as useful and important to the colonies, and to 
the British empire, as its reduction was surprising to that 
empire and mortifying to the court of France. 

Besides tlie stores and prizes which fell into the hands 
of the English, which were estimated at little less than a 
million sterling, security was given to the colonies in their 
fisheries ; Nova Scotia was preserved, and the trade and 
fisheries of France nearly ruined."^ 

Sec. IV. During the operations at Louis- 
burg, intelligence was received at New York, 
that 1500 French, and 100 Indians intended 
to surprise the English settlements near the 
mouth of the St. Lawrence, and on their re- 
turn to attack Oswego. 

An attempt was made by Col. Schuyler 
and Major Collins to erect block houses at 
Saratoga, but was frustrated by the great num- 
bers of the enemy's Indians, who were con- 
stantly on the watch, and cutting off supphes 
and troops. The inhabitants of Albany and 
the adjacent country became alarmed for their 
safety ; and murders and robberies were fre- 
quently committed by the Indians within a 
few miles of the city. 

A draft of 200 men was made for the relief 
of Alba^ny and Schenectady. The town of 
Hosick was deserted by its inhabitants, and 
towards the close of the year the settlements 
at Saratoga were almost literally depopulated. 

The houses and fort were burnt, and many 
shocking barbarities committed by the Indians, 

* Goodrich. 

IV. What intelligence was received during this expedition? 

What attempts were made ? Why were the inhabitants of Albany 

alarmed? V/hatis said of the settlements at Hosick and Saratoga? 



FROM 1743 TO 1760. 81 

who, in accordance with their ancient mode of 
warfare, scalped the men, women, and chil- 
dren, who fell into their hands. The New En 
gland colonies experienced similar incursions. 

Sec. v. 1746. The success of the expedi- 
tion to Cape Breton led the colonies to pro- 
ject the conquest of Canada. 

The plan was, that a squadron, under the 
command of admiral Warren, and a body of 
land forces under Gen. St. Clair, should be sent 
from England ; that the troops, raised from the 
New England colonies, should join the British 
fleet and army at Louisburg, and proceed up 
the river St. Lawrence ; and, that those of 
New York, and other colonies at the south, 
should bo collected at Albany, and march 
against Crown Point and Montreal. 

The colonies, pleased with the measure, fur- 
nished their quotas of men ; but no armament 
arrived from England ; and it was resolved to 
employ the forces in an attempt against the 
French at Crown Point. Governor Clinton en- 
gaged the assistance of the Six Nations. 

In the midst of these preparations, intelli- 
gence was received, that a large fleet from 
France had arrived at Nova Scotia, under the 
command of the duke D'Anville. It consisted 
of forty ships of war, exclusive of transports ; 
and brought over about four thousand regular 
troops, with supplies of military stores. 



Of the cruelty of the Indians ? 

What was projected by the colonies in 1746?- What was the 

plan of operations ? 



82 HISTORY Of NEW YORK. 

Sec. VI. The expedition against Canada was 
abandoned ; and vigorous measures taken for 
the defence of the colonies. Their apprehen- 
sions were soon after reheved by intelUgence of 
the misfortunes of the enemy. 

The French fleet had sustained much dam- 
age by storms, and great loss by shipwrecks. 
Sickness prevailed among their troops. D'An- 
ville was seized with an apoplectic fit, and 
suddenly expired. The remainder of the 
squadron was overtaken by a severe tempest off 
Cape Sable, and the few ships, that escaped 
destruction, returned singly to France. 

Considerable difference of opinion had for some time 
existed between the governor and the assembly. Much 
warmth of feeling was manifested, and this increasing dis- 
sension was productive of serious inconveiiience to the 
warlike operations of the colony. 

The governor charged the house with culpable neglect 
in providing for the defence of the colony. This was 
highly resented by the assembly, who, in return, charged 
the governor with fraud and mismanagement in the ad- 
ministration of the government. The embarrassed state 
of the finances, arising from the expenses of the war, and 
the predatory excursions of the Indians, imposed a heavy 
burthen upon the inhabitants. 

Sec. vir. 1747. The French fitted out an- 
other expedition consisting of six ships of the 
line, six frigates, and four armed East India 
ships, with twentynine merchant ships and 

VI. What occasioned the failure of the enterprise ? Give some 

account of the misfortunes, that attended the French. 

What embarrassed the warlike operations of the colony ? 

With what did the governor charge the assembly ? With what 

did they charge the governor ? 

VII. What expedition was fitted out in 1T47 ? 



FROM 1743 TO 1760. 83 

transports. They were overtaken by a supe- 
rior British squadron under admirals Anson 
and Warren, and, after a sanguinary engage- 
ment, were compelled to surrender. 

Dtiring this season, Saratoga again experi- 
enced an incursion of the French and Indians. 
The village, containing thirty families, was de- 
stroyed, and the inhabitants massacred. To- 
wards the close of this year, a general inactiv- 
ity characterized the measures of the bellige- 
rent powers. Both parties, mutually exhausted, 
appeared verging towards a general pacifica- 
tion. 

Sec. VIII. 1748. In April the prehminaries 
were signed at Aix la Chapelle, and a cessation 
of hostilities was soon after proclaimed. The 
definitive treaty was completed on the seventh 
of October. Prisoners on both sides were to 
be released vv^ithout ransom, and all conquests 
to be restored. 

After the close of the war, the colony en- 
joyed, for several years, a period of general 
tranquillity. Released from the apprehensions 
of hostile irruptions, the inhabitants vigorously 
addressed themselves to the arts of peace ; and 
by industry, economy, and enterprise, they in 
great measure repaired the losses sustained by 
the preceding war. The increase of com- 
merce, and the rapid extension of their settle- 
ments evince the success that attended their 
exertions. 

By whom was it captured ? What occurred at Saratoga ? 

What is said of the measures of the belligerent powers ? 

^ VIII, What conditions of the treaty in 1748 are mentioned ? 

Vrhat was the state of the colony for some years after : 



84 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

.n 1750, the entries at New York were two hundred 
and thirtytvvo, and tlie clearances two hundred and eigh- 
tysix. Above six thousand tons of provisions, chiefly 
flour, were exported, besides large quantities of grain. 

Sec. IX. 1753. Governor Clinton having 
resigned, Sir Danverse Osborne was appointed 
to succeed him, as governor of the colony. 
He took his seat at the council board on the 
1 0th of October, and died on the 1 2th. James 
Delancey, who had been appointed lieutenant 
governor by one of the last acts of governor 
Clinton, assumed the administration of the go- 
vernment. 

The tragical fate of governor Osborne deserves a more 
particular notice. Ke put an end to his existence by 
hanging himself, in the garden of Mr Murray, with whom 
he resided. The act was supposed to have been perpe- 
trated under the influence of insanity, occasioned by em- 
barrassments, which, he apprehended, would attend the 
exercise of his commission. 

Mr Smith, after detailing the particulars relative to this 
event, observes, " A point of honor and duty, in a fore- 
seen difficulty to reconcile his conduct with his Majesty's 
instructions, very probably, gave his heart a fatal stab, 
and produced that terrible disorder in his mind, which oc- 
casioned his laying violent hands upon himself." 

Sec. X. The colony had scarcely begun to 
realize the benefits of peace, when they were 
again menaced vnth foreign war. By the trea- 
ty of Aix la Chapelle, the controversy, between 
the two crowns relative to their claims in 
America, was referred to commissioners to be 

IX. Who succeeded governor Clinton ? By whom was he suc- 
ceeded ? 

Give some account of the death of governor Osborne. WTiat 

probably occasioned it ? 

X. What led to the renewal of hostilities with the French ? 



PROM 1743 TO 1760. 85 

appointed by the two sovereigns, for that pur- 
pose. These commissioners met the preced- 
ing year at Paris; and, after making laborious 
efforts to estabUsh the claims of their respec- 
tive sovereigns, were unable to come to any 
agreement. 

The settlements of the Enghsh and French 
colonies were, in the mean time, approximating 
nearer to each other, and their respective lead- 
ers were anxious to secure the most eligible 
situations for trading houses and forts. Mutu- 
al complaints of aggression were soon follow- 
ed by acts of open hostihty. The British min- 
istry, on being made acquainted with the claims 
of the French, without a formal declaration of 
war, directed the colonies to resist their en- 
croachments, by force of arms. 

Sec. XI. 1754. A convention of delegates 
from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connect- 
icut, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania and Maryland, 
with the lieutenant governor and council of New 
York, was held at Albany, for the purpose of 
uniting upon some scheme, for the common 
defence of the colonies. 

A plan of union was adopted, in several of 
its features resembhng the present constitution 
of the United States ; but it had the singular 
fortune, to be rejected by the Provincial As- 
sembhes, because it gave too much power to 
the crown, and at the same time, to be rejected 

What instructions did the British ministry give the colonies ? 
XI. Where, and for what purpose was a convention held iu 1754 ? 
What plan was adopted ? What was the result ? 

8 



86 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

by the crown, because it gave too much pow- 
er to the people. 

"According to this plan, a grand council was to be form- 
ed of members chosen by the provincial assemblies, and 
sent from all the colonies ; which council, with a gover- 
nor general, appointed by the crown, and having a nega- 
tive voice, should be empowered to make general laws, 
to raise money in all the colonies for their defence, to call 
forth troops, regulate trade, lay duties, &c. &c." 

" The plan, thus matured, was approved and signed, on 
the fourth of July, the day that Washington surrendered 
Fort Necessity, and twenty two years before tlie declara- 
tion of Independence, by all the delegates, excepting those 
from Connecticut, who objected to the negative voice of 
the governor general." 

*' One circumstance, in the history of this plan, deserves 
here to be recorded, as evincing the dawning spirit of the 
revolution. Although the plan was rejected by the pro- 
vincial assemblies, they declared, without reserve, that if 
it were adopted, they would undertake to defend them- 
selves from the French, without any assistance from 
Great Britain. They required, but to be left to employ 
their supplies in their own way, to effect their security and 
predominance." 

Sec. xi[. 1755. Sh* Charles Hardy arriv- 
ed in September with the commission of gover- 
nor, which was published with the usual solem- 
nities. During his residence in the colony, he 
appears to have been principally under the in- 
fluence of Delancey, to whom, on leaving, ho 
committed the government. In 1757, he em- 
barked vv^ith a command in the expedition 
against Louisburg ; and Delancey resumed the 
administration, as lieutenant governor. 



Give some account of this plan. 

XII. Who was appointed governor in 1755 ?■ What is said of 

him ? What were the most important acts of the government at 

his time ? 



FROM 1743 TO 1760. 87 

The raising of revenue for defraying the ex- 
penses of the civil hst, and of supphes for the 
defence of the country, and tlie prosecution 
of the war in common with the other colonies, 
comprised, during this period the most impor- 
tant acts of government. The city of New 
York contained at this time two thousand hou- 
ses, and about twelve thousand inhabitants. 

Sec. xiir. Early in the spring of 1755, the 
colonies made preparations for vigorous exer- 
tions against the enemy. An expedition was 
planned against the French in Nova Scotia ; 
another against the French on the Ohio ; a third 
against Crown Point ; and a /oz^r^/i against Ni- 
agara. 

Sec. XIV. The first expedition resulted in 
the entire reduction of Nova Scotia, and the 
acquisition of large quantities of provisions and 
military stores. That against the French on 
the Ohio, owing to the imprudence of Gen. 
Braddock, the commander, was peculiarly un- 
fortunate. When within seven miles of Fort 
du Qnesne,* they were surprised by a body of 
French and Indians, and, after an action of 
three hours, Braddock, under whom fixe horses 
had been killed, v/as mortally wounded, and 
his troops defeated. 

When within twelve or fourteen miles of Fort du Quesne, 
Braddock was advised by his officers to proceed with cau- 
tion ; and was earnestly entreated by Col. Washington, 
his aid, to permit him to precede the army and guard 
against surprise. 

* JSTow Pittsburg. 

xiir. What expeditions were plannofi ir^ 1755 ? 
XIV. What success attended the expediiiou against Nova Scotia ? 
Against the French on die Oliio ? 



88 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

"Had he attended to those precautions he would not hare 
been thus ambuscaded ; or had he wisely retreated from a 
concealed enemy, and scoured the thicket with his can- 
non, the melancholy catastrophe might have been avoided. 
But, obstinately riveted to the spot on which he was first 
attacked, he vainly continued his attempt to form his men 
in regular order, although, by this means, a surer prey to 
the enemy, until being himself wounded, he could no lon- 
ger be accessary to the destruction of human life. 

A remarkable fact in the history of this affair remains 
to be told. Gen. Braddock held the provincial troops in 
great contempt. Consequently, he kept the Virginians, 
and other provincials, who were in the action, in the rear. 
Yet, although equally exposed with the rest, far from be- 
ing affected with the fears that disordered the regular 
troops, they stood firm and unbroken, and, under Colonel 
Washington, covered the retreat of the regulars, and saved 
them from total destruction. 

The retreat of the army, after Braddock was wounded, 
was precipitate. No pause was made until the rear divi- 
sion was met. This division on its junction with the oth- 
er, was seized with the same spirit of flight with the re- 
treating, and both divisions proceeded to Fort Cumberland, 
a distance of nearly one hundred and twenty miles from 
the place of action. 

Had the troops, even here, recovered their spirits and 
returned, success might still have crowned the expedition. 
At least, the army might have rendeied the most impor- 
tant service to the cause, by preventing the devastations 
and inhuman murders, perpetrated by the French and In- 
dians, during the summer, on the western borders of Vir- 
ginia and Pennsylvania. But, instead of adopting a 
course so salutary and important, Col. Dunbar, leaving 
the sick and wounded at Cumberland, marched with his 
troops to Philadelphia."* 

Sec. XV. The expedition against Crown 
Point, commanded by general William John- 
son, though unsuccessful in its main object, 

* Goodrich. 



Give some account of Braddock^s dpfeat. 

XV. What can you say of the expedition against Crown Point ? — 



FROM 1743 TO 1760. 89 

served in some measure to dispel the gloom, 
which followed the defeat of Braddock. 

Johnson encamped, the latter part of Au- 
gust at the south end of Lake George, where 
he was informed, that a body of the enemy, 
two thousand in number, had landed at South 
bay under the command of Baron Dieskau, 
and were marching towards Fort Edward, for 
the purpose of destroying the provisions and 
military stores at that place. A party of twelve 
hundred men under Col. Williams were detach- 
ed to intercept them, but were unfortunately 
surprised by Dieskau, who was lying in ambush, 
and, after a signal slaughter, were compelled 
to retreat. Col Williams, and Hendrick, a re- 
nowned Mohawk chief, with many other offi- 
cers, were killed. 

Dieskau, with his troops, soon appeared be- 
fore the encampment of Johnson, and com- 
menced a spirited attack. They were receiv- 
ed with great intrepidity, and the cannon and 
musquetry did such execution among their 
ranks, that the enemy were forced to retire in 
confusion. Dieskau, after being severely 
wounded, fell into the hands of the English. 
The loss of the French was about eight hun- 
dred ; that of the English did not exceed two 
hundred. 

"At the time it was meditated to send a detachment un- 
der Col. Williams, to intercept Dieskau, the number of 
men proposed was mentioned to Hendrick, the Mohawk 
chief, and his opinion asked. He replied, " If they are 
to fight, they are too few. If they are to be killed, they 

Give an account of the engagement with Dieskau. 
UHiat is related of Hendrick ? 
8* 



90 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

are too many." The number was accordingly increased^ 
Gen. Johnson proposed also to divide the detachment into 
three parties. Upon this Hendrick took three sticks, and 
putting them together, said to him, " Put these togetherj, 
and you cannot break them ; take them one by one, and 
you will break them easily." The hint succeeded, and 
Hend rick's sticks saved many of the party, and probably 
the whole army from destruction.* 

*' Early in the action, Gen. Johnson was wounded, and 
Gen. Lyman succeeded to the command, which he held 
through the day. To this gentleman's j2:allant exertions, 
the success of the day, under Providence, was chiefly to 
be ascribed. Yet it is remarkable, that Gen. Johnson 
made no mention of Gen. Lyman in his official letter, an- 
nouncing the intelligence of the victory. The ambition 
of Johnson was too great, and his avarice too greedy, to 
acknowledge the merits of a rival. Gen. Johnson was 
created a baronet, and parliament voted him five thousand 
pounds sterlincr, in consideration of his success. The re- 
ward of Gen. Lyman was the esteem and honor of the 
people among whom he lived. 

*' Among the wounded of the French, as already stated, 
was the Baron Dieskan. He had received a ball through 
his leg, and being unable to follow his retreating army, 
was found by an English soldier, resting upon the stump of 
a tree, with scarcely an attendant. Dieskau, apprehen- 
sive for his safety, was feeliiig for his watch, in order to 
give it to the soldier, when the man, suspecting that he 
was feeling for a pistol, levelled his gun, and wounded him 
in the hips. He was carried to the camp, and treated 
witli great kindness. From the camp he was taken to 
Albany and New York, whence, some time after, he sailed 
for England, where he died. He was a superior officer, 
possessed of honorable feelings, and adorned wilh highly 
polished manners. One stain, however, attaches to his 
character. Before his engagement with Col. Williams's 
corps, he gave orders to his troops neither to give nor take 
quarter." 

* Dwighfs Travels. 

What is said of Gen. Johnson 1 Of Lyman ?- Of Dieskau ? 



CONTINUATION OF THE FRENCH WAR. 91 

Sec. XVI. Governor Sliirley of Massachu- 
setts took the " command of the expedition 
against Niagara. He advanced to Oswego, 
where, being poorly supphed with provisions, 
and the rainy season approaching, the expedi- 
tion was abandoned, and the troops returned 
to Albany. 



CHAP. IX. 

CONTINUATION OF THE FRENCH WAR. 

Formal declaration of war, Cam'paign of 1756^ 
and capture of Oswego. Campaign of 1757, 
and capture of Fort William Henry, Expe- 
dition against Ticonderoga. Capture of Fort 
Frontenac. Campaign of 1759. Surrender 
cf Ticonderoga and Crown Point, Capture 
of Niagara, Wolfe^s expedition against Que- 
bec, War terminated in 1760 by the entire 
conquest ofCa7iada, 

Sec. I. 1756. Hostilities had thus far 
been prosecuted by the colonies without any 
formal declaration of war on the part of the 
mother country. On the 18th of May, the 
present year, war was formally declared by 
Great Britain, and this declaration soon after 
reciprocated by a similar declaration on the 
part of France. 

xvi^ V/hat can you say of the expedition against Niagara ? 
I. When was war formally declared I 



92 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

In the plan of operations for the present 
year, Niagara and Crown Point, two strong 
holds of great importance, then in the pos- 
session of the enemy, were constituted the 
principal points of attack. 

Sec. II. General Abercrombie was ap- 
pointed to command, until the arrival of the 
earl of Loudon, who was to be commander in 
chief of all his majesty's forces in America. 
Owing to the improvidence of Abercrombie, 
nothing was effected by the English. The 
campaign was unfortunately signalized by the 
capture of Oswego, which was surrendered to 
the French in August. 

The Marquis de Montcalm, cominander of the French 
troops in Canada, collected a force of thirteen hundred 
regulars, seventeen hundred Canadians, with a considera- 
ble number of Indians, and proceeded from Fort Froute- 
nac by the way of lake Ontirio. On his arrival at Oswe- 
go, he stationed two large armed vessels to block up the 
place by water, and posted a strong body of Canadians and 
Indians to cut off all communication with Albany. Having 
brought up his artillery and stores, on the twelfth of Au- 
gust, he opened his trenches before Fort Ontario. The 
fortifications were in no condition to make a defence 
against artillery, or regular approaches ; and on the four- 
teenth, Colonel Mercer having been kdled by a cannon 
ball the day previous, the garrison proposed a capitulation. 

By the terms of capitulation, they were to surrender 
prisoners of war, to be exempted from plunder, treated 
with humanity, and conducted to Montreal. These terms 
were however most shamefully violated by the French. 
Several of the British officers and soldiers were insulted, 
robbed, and massacred by the Indians. Most of the sick 

What were the principal points of attack ? 

II. Who was appointed to the command ? What is said of the 

campaign the present j'ear ? 

Give some account of the capture of Oswego. Of the cruelties 

committed. 



CONTINUATION OF THE FRENCH WAR. 93 

were barbarously scalped in the hospital ; and to finish the 
scene of falsehood and cruelty, the French general delivered 
up to the Indians above twenty of the garrison, in lieu of 
the same number they had lost during the siege, who were 
probably put to death according to the Indian custom of 
torturing and burning. 

Montcalm, having accomplished his object with very 
inconsiderable loss, demolished the two forts at Oswego, 
and returned with his army to Fort Frontenac. By this 
enterprise, the enemy obtained the entire command of 
lakes Ontario and Erie, and of the whole country of the 
Five Nations. About fifteen hundred men were made 
prisoners, and one hundred and twenty pieces of cannon 
were taken, with fourteen mortars, two sloops of war, and 
two hundred boats and batteaux. 

Sec. III. The campaign of 1757 was equal- 
ly unsuccessful on the part of the English. 
Montcalm made a descent on Fort William 
Henry, situated on the southern shore of Lake 
George. The garrison of the Fort consisted 
of three thousand men. It was besieged by 
Montcalm with a force of nine thousand ; and 
after a gallant defence of six days, was com- 
pelled to surrender, giving to the French the 
command of the lake, and the western frontier. 

" The spirited and protracted defence of the fort, 
against such numbers, reflects the highest honor upon its 
brave commander, Col. Munroe. Six days was the enemy 
kept at bay, with unabated resolution, in full expectation 
of assistance from Gen. Webb, who lay at Fort Edward, 
only fifteen miles distant, with an army of four thousand 
men. 

" The character of Gen. Webb continues sullied by his 
unpardonable indifference to the perilous situation of his 
brethren in arms, at Fort William Henry. It deserves to 
be known that Sir William Johnson, after very importu- 

III. What is said of the campaign of 1757 ? -Of the descent on 

Fort William Henry ? 



94 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

nate solicitations, obtained leave of Gen. Webb to march 
with as many as would volunteer in the service, to the re- 
lief of Munroe. 

" At tlie beat of the drums, the provincials, almost to a 
man, sallied forth, and were soon ready and eager for the 
march. After being under arms almost all day, what 
were their feelings when Sir William, returning from 
head-quarters, informed them that Gen. Webb had forbid- 
den them to march ! 

" The soldiers were inexpressibly mortified and en- 
raged, — and their commander did himself no common 
honor in the tears he shed, as he turned from his troops, 
and retired to his tent. 

" The defence of Fort William Henry was so gallant, 
that Col. Munroe, with his troops, was adm.itted to an hon- 
orable capitulation. The capitulation, however, was most 
shamefully broken. While the troops were marching out 
at the gate of the fort, tlie Indians attached to Montcalm's 
party dragged the men from their ranks, and with all the 
inhumanity of savage feeling, plundered them of their 
baggage, and butchered them in cold blood. Out of a 
New Hampshire corps of two hundred, eighty Avere miss- 
ing."* 

Major Putnam was dispatched, the day after this awful 
tragedy, with his rangers to watch the motions of the ene- 
my, and gives the following account. He arrived at the 
shore of Lake George, while the enemy were in the act 
of retiring. The prospect was horrid beyond description. 
The fort was demolished, the barracks, out houses and 
buildings were one heap of ruins ; the cannon, stores, 
boats and vessels were carried away. The fires were still 
burninof, the smoke and stench off(?nsive and suffocating. 
The place was covered with fragments of human skulls and 
bones; and carcases half consumed were still frying and 
broiling in tie decaying fires. Dead bodies, mangled, with 
scalping knives and tomahawks in all the wantonness of In- 
dian fierceness and barbarity, were everywhere to be seen. 
More than one hundred women, inhumanly stabbed 

* Goodrich. 

Give some account of its capture. Of the cruelties of the 

Indians. 



CONTINUATION OF THE FRENCH WAR. 95 

and butchered, lay naked on the ground, with their 
bowels torn out, and still weltering in their gore. In 
some, their throats were cut, in others, their brains were 
oozing out, where the hatchet had cleaved their heads ; 
and in others, the hair and scalp had been torn off, and 
nothing was to be seen, but the bloody skull. Devasta- 
tion, barbarity, and Jiorror, everywhere appeared; and 
presented a spectacle too diabolical and awi'ul to be en- 
dured or delineated. ^ 

Sec. IV. 1758. The celebrated Pitt, Lord 
Chatham, was now placed at the head of the 
British ministry, and gave a new tone to their 
measures, and a fresh impulse to the spirit of 
the colonies, which liad been depressed by a 
series of ill conducted and unfortunate expedi- 
tions. The tide of success was now turned in 
favor of the English, and continued, with few 
exceptions, until the whole of Canada was sub- 
jected to their arms. 

Sec. v. The plan of the campaign for the 
present year comprehei dcd three expeditions ; 
viz. against Louisburg, Ticonderoga, and Fort 
du Quesne. The first Vv as completely success- 
ful. Louisburg, after an obstinate resistance, 
v/as surrendered to General Amherst on the 
26th of July, and, with it, ^ve thousand seven 
hundred and thirtyseven prisoners of war, with 
military stores. 

The command of the expedition against Louisburg was 
assigned to Major General Amherst, assisted by Brigadier 

* Putman's Life. 

IV. What change took place in the British iDinistiy in 1758? 

"What effect did this produce on the success of the English ? 

V. What was the plan of operations for the present year ? What 

is said of the expedition againat Louisburg ? 
Give some account of it. 



OS HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Generals Wolfe, Whittemore, and Lawrence. The naval 
force under admiral Boscawen arrived at Halifax in May, 
the whole armament consisting of one hundred and fifty- 
seven sail. The fleet appeared in the vicinity of Louis- 
burg on the 2d of June, and on the 8th the troops under 
the direction of General Wolfe effected a landing, and 
immediately invested the city. ^ 

The garrison of Louisburg consisted of two thousand 
five hundred regular troops, three hundred militia, and a 
considerable number of Canadians and Indians, under the 
command of chevalier Drucour. The harbor was defend- 
ed by six ships of the line, and five frigates. Amherst 
advanced upon the place with great caution, and Wolfe 
conducted with all that gallantry and discretion which 
have since immortalized his name. Under these com- 
manders, the siege was prosecuted with so much vigilance 
and energy, that the French ships were soon destroyed, 
and the garrison compelled to surrender. 

Sec. VI. Lord Loudon having returned to 
England, General Abercrombie, now com- 
mander in chief in America, with an army of 
sixteen thousand men, passed Lake George, 
and appeared before Ticonderoga. Without 
waiting for the arrival of his artillery, he com- 
menced an immediate attack, which was obsti- 
nately maintained for more than four hourg, 
when he was compelled to retire with the loss 
of near two thousand killed and wounded. 

The forces under Abercrombie amounted to near seven 
thousand regulars, and ten thousand provincial troops. 
These, with a fine train of artillery, and military stores, 
were embarked on Lake George, in nine hundred batteaux 
and one hundred and thirtyone boats. Their passage 
across the lake is thus elegantly described by Dr Dvvight. 

*^The morning was remarkably bright and beautiful ; 
and the fleet moved with exact regularity to the sound of 

VI. What is said the expedition against Ticonderoga ? 
Give some account of this expedition. 



, CONTINUATION OF THE FRENCH WAR. \) i 

ftne martial music. The ensigns waved and glittered in 
the sunbeams, and the anticipation of future triumph 
shone in every eye. Above, beneath, around, the scene- 
ry was that of enchantment. Rarely has the sun, since 
that luminary was first lighted up in the heavens, dawned 
on such a complication of beauty and magnificence." 

The splendor of this parade forms, however, a melan- 
choly contrast with the defeat, which was about to ensue. 
After landing, Abercrombie divided his force into three 
columns, and hastily advanced toward the enemy. The 
columns were thrown into disorder by the thick woods, 
through which they had to pass ; and just as they were 
approaching the enemy's works, became entangled in an 
abattis. Desperate attempts were made to force a pas- 
sage, during which they were constantly exposed to a most 
fatal and destructive fire from the enemy, who, being 
covered by their entrenchments, suffered comparatively 
little. Every efibrt proving unsuccessful, Abercrombie 
withdrew his forces, and precipitately retired to his former 
encampment on Lake George. 

Sec. VII. Abercrombie, soon after his un- 
fortunate expedition against Ticonderoga, sent 
Col. Bradstreet, with a detachment of three 
thousand men, against Fort Frontenac, on the 
northwest side of the outlet of Lake Ontario. 
Bradstreet sailed down the Ontario, landed 
within a mile of the fort, opened his batteries, 
and in two days compelled this important for- 
tress to surrender. Nine armed vessels, large 
quantities of cannon and military stores, fell 
into the hands of the English. Fort Du Quesne 
w^as peaceably surrendered to Gen. Forbes in 
November. 



VII. What expedition was soon after undertaken ? What success 

attended it? -What other fortress surrendered ? 



98 • HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. VIII. The object of the campaign of 
1 759 was no less, than the entire conquest of 
Canada. The contemplated points of attack 
were Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, and 
Quebec. 

Gen. Amherst, who had succeeded Aber- 
crombie as commander in chief, appeared be- 
fore Ticonderoga on the 22d of July, and soon 
after took possession of the fortress. After 
repairing the works, he pioceeded to Crown 
Point, which was surrendered without opposi- 
tion. The second division of the army, under 
Gen. Prideaux, appeared before Niagara on 
the Gth of July. The place was immediately 
invested ; and, on the 24th, a general battle 
took place, which decided the fate of that post, 
and transferred it into the hands of the English. 

Gen. Prideaux was killed by the bursting of a cohorn, 
four days previous to this battle. Sir William Johnson 
succeeded to the command, and successfully executed the 
plans of his predecessor. 

Sec. IX. While the British were pursuing 
their victorious career in Upper Canada, Gen. 
Wolfe, with an army of eight thousand men, 
appeared before Quebec. On the 13th of Sep- 
tember, a severe battle was fought between the 
Enghsh, under Wolfe, and the French, under 
Montcalm, in which both these brave comman- 
ders fell. Victory decided in favor of the 
English, and the city, five days after, capitulated. 

VIII. What was the object of the campaign of 1759 ? What were 

the })oints of attack ? Who succeeded Abercrorabie ? Give some 

account of his operations. Of the operations against Niagara. 

IX. Who appeared before Quebec ? What can you say of the 

battle ? 



CONTINUATION OF THE FRENCH WAR. 99 

*' Determined from the first to take the place, impregna- 
ble as it was accounted, the measures of Gen. Wolfe were 
singularly bold, and apparently repugnant to all the max- 
ims of war. His attention was first drawn to point Levi, 
on the southern bank of the St Lawrence, upon which, 
after taking possession of it, he erected batteries. By 
means of these, he destroyed many houses, but from this 
point it was soon apparent that little impression could be 
made upon the fortifications of the town. 

" Finding it impracticable thus to accomplish his purpose, 
Wolfe next decided on more daring measures. For the 
purpose of drawing Montcalm to a general battle, Wolfe, 
.with his troops, crossed the river Montmorenci, and at- 
tacked the enemy in their entrenchments. Owing, how- 
ever, to the grounding of some of the boats which conveyed 
the troops, a part of the detachment did not land so soon 
as the others. The corps that first landed, without waiting 
to form, rushed forward, impetuously, towards the enemy's 
entrenchments. But their courage proved their ruin. A 
close and well directed fire from the enemy cut them down 
in great numbers, 

*' Montcalm's party had now landed, and were drawn up 
on the beach in order. But it was near night, a thunder 
storm was approaching, and the tide was rapidly setting in. 
Fearing the consequences of delay, Wolfe ordered a retreat 
across the Montmorenci, and returned to his quarters on 
the Isle of Orleans. In this rencounter, his loss amounted 
to near six hundred of the flower of his army. 

" Disappointed thus far, and worn down with fatigue and 
watching, General Wolfe fell violently sick. Scarcely had 
he recovered, before he proceeded to put in execution a 
plan which had been matured on his sick bed. This was 
to proceed up the river — gain the heights of Abraham, and 
draw Montcalm to a general engagement. 

" Accordingly, the troops were transported up the river, 
about nine miles. On the 12th of September, one hour 

VJ'liat is said of the measures of Wolfe ? To what point was 

his attention fir St drawn 7 What success attended his operations ? 

What was next attempted? What teas the result of this 

attempt? IVhat plan teas next formed 7 Give some account 

of the manner in which this was executed. 



100 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

after midnight, Wolfe and his troops left the ships, and in 
boats silently dropped down the currpnt, intending to land 
a league above Cape Diamond, and there ascend the bank 
leading to the station he wished to gain. Owing, however, 
to the rapidity of the river, they fell below the intended 
place, and landed a mile, or a mile and a half, above the 
city. The operation was a critical one, as they had to 
navigate, in silence, down a rapid stream, and to find a 
right place for landing, which, amidst surrounding dark- 
ness, might be easily mistaken. Besides this, the shore 
was shelving, and the bank so steep and lofty, as scarcely 
to be ascended even without opposition from an enemy. 
Indeed the attempt was in the greatest danger of being 
defeated by an occurrence peculiarly interesting, as mark- 
ing the very great delicacy of the transaction. 

" One of the French sentinels, posted along the shore, as 
the English boats were descending, challenged them in 
the customary military language of the French. " Qui 
vit .^ " " Who goes there ? " to which a captain in Fra- 
zer's regiment, who had served in Holland, and was fa- 
miliar with the French language and customs, promptly 
replied, *\la France." The next question was still more 
embarrassing, for the sentinel demanded " a quel regi- 
ment 1 " " to what regiment ?" The captain, who happened 
to know the name of a regiment which v.^as up the river, 
wt>th Bougainville, promptly rejoined, " de la Reine,'" " the 
Queen's." The soldier immediately replied, ^' passe,'' for 
he concluded at once, that this was a French convoy of 
provisions, which, as the English had learned from some 
deserters, was expected to pass down the river to Quebec. 
The other sentinels were deceived in a similar manner ; 
but one, less credulous than the rest, running down to the 
water's edge, called out " Pour quois est ce que vous ne 
parlez plus haul 1 '' ^' Why dont you speak louder ? " The 
same captain, with perfect self-command, replied, '' Tais 
toi, nous serons entcndus ! " " Hush, Vi^e shall be overheard 
and discovered ! " The sentry, satisfied with this caution, 
retired, and the boats passed in safety.* About an hour 
before day, the army began to ascend the precipice, the 
distance of one hundred and fifty or two hundred feet, aU 
* Silliman's Tour, from SmoUet, 



CONTINUATION OF THE FRENCH VaR. 101 

most perpendicular ascent, above which spread the plains 
of Abraham. By day-light, September 13th, this almost 
incredible enterprise had been effected — the desired station 
was attained, the army was formed, and ready to meet the 
enemy. 

"To Montcalm, the intelligence that the English were 
occupying the heights of Abraham was most surprising. 
The impossibility of ascending the precipice he considered 
certain, and therefore had taken no measures to fortify its 
line. But no sooner was he informed of the position of 
the English army, than perceiving a. battle no longer to 
be avoided, he prepared to fight. Between nine and ten 
o'clock, the two armies, about equal in numbers, met face 
to face. 

" The battle now commenced. Inattentive to the fire of 
a body of Canadians and Indians, one thousand five hun- 
dred of whom Montcalm had stationed in the cornfields 
and bushes, Wolfe directed his troops to reserve their fire 
for the main body of the French, now rapidly advancing. 
On their approach within forty yards, the English opened 
their fire, and the destruction became immense. 

" The French fought bravely, but their ranks became 
disordered, and, notwithstanding the repeated efforts of 
their officers to form them, and to renew the attack, they 
were so successfully pushed by the British bayonet, and 
hewn down by the Highland broadsword, that their dis- 
comfiture was complete. 

" Daring the action, Montcalm was on the French left, 
and Wolfe on the English right, and here they both fell 
in the critical moment that decided the victory. Early in 
the battle, Wolfe received a ball in his wrist, but binding 
his handkerchief around it; he continued to encourage his 
men. — Shortly after, another ball penetrated his groin ; 
but this woaiid, although much more severe, he concealed, 
and continued to urge on the contest, till a third bullet 
pierced his breast. He was now obliged, though reluc- 
tantly, to be carried to the rear of the line. 

" Gen. Monckton succeeded to the command, but was 
immediately wounded, and conveyed away. In this criti- 

— — Of the engagement that ensued. Of the death of Wolff. 

9* 



102 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

cal State of the action, the command devolved on Gen. 
Tovvnshend. Gen. Montcalm, fighting in front of his 
battalion, received a mortal wound about the same time, 
and Gen. Jennezergus, his second in command, fell near 
his side. 

" Wolfe died in the field before the battle was ended ; 
but he lived long enough to know that the victory was his. 
While leaning on the shoulder of a lieutenant, who kneeled 
to support him, he was seized with the agonies of death : 
at this moment was heard the distant sound, ' They fly ' 
^ — ' they fly.' The hero raised his drooping head, and ea- 
gerly asked, ' Who fly ? ' Being told that it was the French 
— ' Then,' he replied, ' I die happy,' and expired."* 

In the ensuing spring, 1760, the French 
made exertions to recover Quebec from the 
EngUsh. Their designs were, however, frus- 
trated by the arrival of an English quadron 
with reinforcements, by which the French fleet 
was taken and destroyed. 

Sec. X. On the 6th of September Generals 
Amherst and Murray, with a large body of 
troops, appeared before Montreal, the last for- 
tress of importance now in possession of the 
French. On the 8th, Montreal, Detroit, Mi- 
chihmackinac, and all other places within the 
government of Canada, were surrendered to 
his Britanic Majesty. 

Three years after, a definitive treaty was 
ratified by the kings of England and France,^ 
by which, all i\ova Scotia, Canada, the Isle of 
Cape Breton, and all other Islands in the gulf 
and river St Lawrence, were ceded to the 
British crown. 

* Goodrich. 



X. What took place in September ? What treaty three year* 

after ? 



FROM 1760 TO 1775. 103 

CHAP. X. 
FROM 1760 TO 1T75. 

Prospects of the Colony. Controversy relative to 
the New Hampshire Grants, Opposition from 
the settlers. Stamp Act, Congress at New 
York, Disturbances occasion'ed by the Stamp 
Act, Stamp Act repealed Assembly re- 
strained. Further attempts to tax the Colonies, 
Controversy ivith the Grants becomes serious. 
Parties prevented from proceeding to hostilities 
by the controversy with Great Britain, 

Sec. I. The conquest of Canada had, for 
more than seventy years, been an object of so- 
licitude with the colonies generally, but more 
especially with New York, which, from its local 
situation, was more imminently exposed to the 
depredations and ravages of the Indian tribes. 
The accomplishment of this object put a period 
to those hostile incursions, and gave, to the 
future prospects of the colony, the aspect of 
tranquillity, prosperity, rapid increase, and im- 
provement, while the return of peace afforded 
an opportunity for repairing the embarrassed 
state of her finances, and augmenting her re- 
sources, which had been impoverished by a 
series of protracted and expensive wars. , 

I. Vt'hat is said of the conquest ®f Canada ? Of the prospects of 

the colony ? 



104 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. II. Lieutenant governor Delancey died 
suddenly, on the 30th of July, and Cadvvallader 
Colden assumed the government, as president 
of the council. He received the appointment 
of lieutenant governor in August, 1761. Ro- 
bert Monckton was commissioned governor, 
and commenced his administration in October. 

Soon after his appointment, Gov. Monckton embarked 
to take the command of an expedition against Martinique. 
The enterprise was successful, and, on the fourteenth of 
February, the French governor^ M. de la Touche, delivered 
up the whole island to the English on capitulation. With 
Martinique fell Granada, St Lucia, St Vincent, and every 
other place possessed by the French in the extensive chain 
of the Carribbee Islands. Gov. Monckton returned to 
New York in June, 1762, but remained only a short time 
in the province. During his absence, the government was 
administered by Mr Colden, the lieutenant governor. 

Sec III. In 1 763 commenced the celebrated 
controversy with New Harapshire, relative to 
boundaries. The controverted territory com- 
prised the country situated between Connecti- 
cut rivei-j and Lake Champlain ; and since 
known as Vermont. 

No settlements, of any importance, had been made in 
this territory previous to 1760 ; and the subject of territo- 
rial limits had, consequently, never been examined, or 
called in question. The original charters of the colonies, 
owing to the imperfect surveys of the country, were ex- 
tremely vague, indefinite, and often contradictory. A 
grant was made in 1661, and 1674, by Charles the second 
to his brother, the duke of York, containing, among othe' 

II. How was the administration of Gov. Delancey terminated ? 

Who assumed the command? Who was the next governor ? 

What can you say of his administration ? 

III. What controversy commenced in 1763? A^Tiatdidthe con- 
troverted territory comprise ? 

IVliat is said of the settlements in this territory? Of the ori- 
ginal charters of the colonies ? 



FROM 1760 TO 1775. 105 

parts of America, " all the lands from the west side of 
Connecticut river to the east side of Delaware bay." No. 
other grant of the contested territory had ever been made 
by any preceding, or subsequent charter, and it was con- 
sequently inferred, by the government of New York, that 
it fell within their jurisdiction. 

This territory was, however, by many supposed to fall 
within the limits of New Hampshire, and that government, 
in 1760, and several succeeding years, made large grants 
of land, to settlers, west of Connecticut river. The set- 
tlements progressed with astonishing rapidity, and, in 
1763, one hundred and thirtyeight townships had been 
granted by New Hampshire, extending as far west as the 
shore of Lake Champlain ; and to what was esteemed 
twenty miles east of Hudson's river. 

Sec. IV. To check the proceedings of New 
Hampshire, heutenant governor Colden issued 
a proclamation, reciting the grants of the duke 
of York, asserting their vahdity, claiming the 
jurisdiction as far east as Connecticut river, 
and comiiitinding the sheriff of Albany county 
to make return of all persons, who, under the 
New Hampshire Grants, had taken possession 
of lands v/est of the river. 

A proclamation was soon after issued by the governor 
of New Hampshire, declaring the grant of the duke of 
York to be obsolete ; that New Hampshire extended as 
far west as Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and that the 
grants made by New Hampshire would be confirmed, if 
the jurisdiction should be altered. He exhorted the set- 
tlers not to be intimidated, but to proceed in the cultivation 
of their lands ; and required the civil officers to exercise 



From what did the government ofJVew York infer thai this ter- 

ritory Jell within their jurisdiction ? What government made 

grants in this territory?- What is said of the settlements? - 

What was the extent of these grants ? 

IV. What was done to check these proceedings ? 

What proclamation vjas made soon after 1 



106 History of new york. 

Jurisdiction as far west as grants had been made, and to 
punish all disturbers of the peace* 

Sec. v. Application was made to the crown, 
and a decision obtained in 1764, by which, the 
western bank of Connecticut river was declared 
to be the boundary line between the provinces 
of New Hampshire and New York, The gov- 
ernment of New York proceeded to organize 
the new territory, and to exercise jurisdiction. 

The new district was divided into four counties. The 
southwestern part was annexed to the county of Albany ; 
and the northwestern part formed into a county by the 
name of Charlotte. East of the Green Mountains, two 
counties were formed : Gloucester on the north, and Cum- 
berland on the south. In each of tliese counties, courts 
were regularly held. The grants of land, under New 
Hampshire, were declared illegal, and the settlers required 
to take out new charters from New York. 

Some of the tu.vuti coiuplied with the requisition, and 
purchased their lands the second time ; hnt the greater 
part refused. Where it was not complied with, on the 
part of the grantees, new grants were made of their lands 
to such petitioners as would advance the fees which were 
demanded. Actions of ejectment were commenced in the 
courts at Albany against several of the ancient settlers. 
The decisions of the courts were in favor of the New York 
titles ; but when the executive officers came to eject the 
inhabitants, they generally met with an avowed opposition 
from the possessors, and were not allowed to proceed in 
the execution of their offices. 

When it was found that there was a combination for the 
avowed purpose of resisting the execution of the judgments 
of the courts, the militia were called out to support the 

* Williams. 

V. What decision was made in 1764 ? What was done by the 

government of New York ? 

What was required of the settlers ? How was'this complied 

with? What actions were commenced? What measures 

were taken by the settlers ? What measures were taken by the 

government 7 



FROM 17G0 TO 1775, 107 

sheriff ; but they were rather in sentiment with the settlers, 
and disbanded themselves, on the appearance of an armed 
opposition. The actions of ejectment still went on in the 
courts of Albany. No attention was, however, paid to 
them, nor any defence made by the settlers. But when 
attempts were made to carry these decisions into effect, a 
mob was assembled to oppose their execution. As the 
efforts of the government were continued, the opposition 
of the settlers became more bold and daring, and was fre- 
quently characterised by acts of outrage and violence. 

Sec. VI. 1765. Much excitement was pro- 
duced by the stamp act^ which was passed by 
the British parhament, early in the present 
year, for the purpose of raising a revenue from 
their American colonies. 

This act ordained that all instruments of 
writing, such as deeds, bonds, notes, &c. among 
the colonies, should be null and void, unless 
executed on stamped paper, for which a duty 
should be paid to the crown. 

Sec. VII. In October, a congress, consisting 
of twentyeight delegates, from the assembhes 
of Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and 
South Carolina, was held at New York, to con- 
sult on the common interest. They made a 
declaration of the rights and grievances of the 
colonies ; petitioned the king for redress, and 
presented memorials to both houses of parlia- 
ment. 

Sec. VIII. When the stamp act arrived in 
New York, it was contemptuously cried about 

Tlliat effect had the efforts of the government 7 

VI. What act was passed by the British parliament in 1765? For 

Tfhat purpose ? V*'hat was reqiJired by this act? 

vxi. V/hat congress met at New York ? For what purpose ? 



108 KIST6RY OF NEW YORK. 

the streets, under the title of " The Folly of 
England, and Ruin of America." Serious dis- 
turbances took place, soon after, on the arrival 
of the stamped papers. Mr Golden, the lieu- 
tenant governor, was hanged and burnt in effigy. 
The merchants formed an association, and re- 
solved to direct their correspondents in Europe 
to ship no more goods, until the stamp act 
should be repealed. 

The stamp papers arrived in New York about the last 
of October. Mr M'Euers, the stamp distributor, having 
resigned to avoid the popular odium, the lieutenant gover- 
nor took them into Fort George, and made great exertions 
to secure them. On the first of November, the day on 
which the stamp act was to go into effect, many of the 
inhabitants, offended at the conduct, and disliking the 
political sentiments of Mr Golden, having assembled in 
the evening, proceeded to the fort walls ; broke open his 
stable, and took out his coach ; and, after carrying it 
through the principal streets of the city, marched to the 
common, where a gallows was erected, on one end of 
v/hich they suspended his effigy, with a stamped bill of 
lading in oniB hand, and a figure of the devil in the other. 

When the effigy had hung a considerable time^ they 
carried it in procession, with the gallows entire, the coach 
preceding, to the gate of the fort, whence it was removed 
to the bowling green, under the muzzles of the guns, where 
a bonfire was made, and the whole pageantry, including 
the coach, was consumed, amidst the acclamations of sev- 
eral thousand spectators. They next proceeded to the 
house of Major James, who was a friend to the stamp act, 
.and, after plundering it, consumed every article of the 
furniture in a bonfire. 

The next morning a paper was drawn up, and read from 
the balcony of a coffee house, which was much frequented 
by the citizens, setting forth the necessity of being peace- 

vm. Wliat took place when the stamp act arrived ? On the ar- 
rival of the stamps ? 

Give some account of these disturbances. 



FROM 1760 TO 1775. 109 

able, and calling upon the inhabitants to turn out with 
their arms upon any alarm, and quell all riotous proceed- 
ings. To prevent the effect of this proclamation, Capt. 
Sears, a violent opposer of the stamp act, addressed the 
populace. He assured them that, the intention of the pro- 
posal, that had been read, was to prevent their obtaining 
possession of the stamped papers ; and added, *' but we 
will have them within four and twenty hours." The ad- 
dress was answered by loud shouts of applause. 

In the evening, the mob again assembled, and insisted 
on the governor's delivering the stamps into their hands. 
Mr Golden attempted to pacify them, by declaring, that 
he had nothing to do in relation to the stamps, but should 
leave it to Sir Henry Moore to do as he pleased on his ar- 
rival. Not satisfied with this the people made an attempt, 
to obtain the stamps by force. After much negotiation, 
it was, however, agreed, that they should be delivered to 
the corporation, which was accordingly done, and they 
were deposited in the city hall. Ten boxes of stamps ar- 
riving, some time after, were committed to the flames. 

On the 6th of November, the people again assembled, 
in the fields, and it was proposed, that a committee be ap- 
pointed to open a correspondence with the other colonies. 
This was a measure of so serious and important a nature, 
as to endanger the property and lives of the committee, 
especially, should the stamp act be enforced, and for some 
time no one would venture to accept the appointment. At 
length Capt. Sears and four others offered themselves, and 
were approved. They agreed among themselves to sign 
all the letters with their several names, and open a corres- 
pondence with all the colonies. The Philadelphians were 
requested to forward their enclosed letters to the southern 
states, and the Bostonians to forward those for New 
Hampshire."^ 

Sec. IX. Sir Henry Moore, who had been 
appointed to supersede Gen. Monckton in the 
government of the province, arrived in No- 
^ vember ; and commenced his administration. 

* Gordon. 

IX. Who succeeded Gov, Monckton ? 
10 



110 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Owing to the spirited opposition of the colo- 
nies, the stamp act was repealed in 1 766. In the 
following year, the controversy, concerning the 
Neiv Hampshire Grants^ became so serious and 
alarming, as to require the interposition of the 
crown. K royal order was given to the gov- 
ernor, directing him to suspend all proceedings 
relative to these grants, until his majesty's fur- 
ther pleasure be made known. The colony of 
New York contained, at this time, upwards of 
one hundred and sixty thousand inhabitants. 

Sec. X. 1767. The subject of the taxation 
was again resumed by the parliament, and the 
colonies were required to make provision for 
the support of the British troops in America. 
Nev/ York refused ; and an act was passed for 
restraining the assembly of this colony, until 
they should comply with the requisition. The 
colonies generally now began to be seriously 
alarmed at the oppressive measures pursued by 
the British government. 

Sec. XI. In 1770, Lord Dunmore was ap- 
pointed. Governor of the province. He was 
succeeded the follovv^ing year by Mr Tryon, 
who, in 1772, made an attempt to conciliate 
the minds of the settlers of the New Hamp- 
shire Grants. Some negotiations took place, 
but no conciliation was effected, and the con- 

When was the stamp act repealed ? What is said of the coti- 

trovers}' with the Grants? How many inhabitants did the colony 

contain at this time ? 

X. What was required of the colonies in 1767 ? How did New- 
York treat this requisition ? Wiiat was the consequence ? 

XI. Who was appointed Governor in 1770 ? Who succeeded 

him ? What at*"""^^': did he make ? 



FROM 17G0 TO 1775. Ill 

trovers y continued to rage with increasing an- 
imosity. 

In 1774, the assembly passed an act, by 
which it was declared felony punishable by 
death, for any of the settlers of the New Hamp- 
shire Grants to oppose the government by 
force. The governor at the same time made 
proclamation, offering a revvard of fifty pounds 
each, for the apprehending, and securing, of 
Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, and six others of 
the most obnoxious of the settlers. 

The inhabitants of the New Hampshire Grants became 
still more violent in their opposition, and formed new as- 
sociations for mutual support. The proscribed persons, in 
an address to the people of the county of Albany, made 
this public declaration — " We will kill and destroy any 
person or persons, whomsoever, who shall presume to be 
accessary, aiding, or assisting in taking any of us." 

Sec. XII. 1775. The coercive measures of 
the British government were not relinquished. 
Early in the present year, bills were passed for 
restraining the trade of New England, and of 
the middle, and southern colonies, with the ex- 
ception of New York, Delaware, and North 
Carolina. 

The manifest object of the ministry, in mak- 
ing this discrimination, was to promote disun- 
ion among the colonies. The plan, however, 
proved unsuccessful. The exempted colonies 
spurned the proffered favor, and submitted to 
the restraints imposed on their neighbors. 



What success attended them ? What act was passed in 1774 ? 

What measures were taken by the settlers ? 

XII. What bills were passed in 1775 ? What was the object of 

the ministry ? How did the plan succeed ? 



112 HISTORy OF NEW YORK. 

At the time the restraining acts were framing, the as*- 
sembly of New York were preparing a petition for a re- 
dress of grievances. On the receipt of this petition, the 
British parliament were not a little disappointed to find 
the very " loyal assembly of New York" stating, " that an 
exemption from internal taxation, and the exclusive right 
of providing for their own civil government, and the ad- 
ministration of justice in the colony, were esteemed by 
them, as their undoubted and unalienable rights." 

Sec. XIII. The controversy relative to the 
New Hampshire Grants continued to rage with 
unabated violence. In the spring of the pre- 
sent year, an event took place, which served 
still further to exasperate both parties. 

In consequence of the differences existing with the 
British Government, the courts of justice held under the 
royal authority, in the adjacent provinces, were either 
shut up, or adjourned without transacting any business. 
At the time appointed, for the session of the court at 
Westminster, in the New Hampshire grants, some of the 
inhabitants of this, and the adjacent towns, took posses- 
sion of the court house at an early hour, to prevent the 
officers of the court from entering. 

The judges, on being refused admittance, at the cus- 
tomary hour of opening the court, retired to their quarters. 
About eleven o'clock at night, the sheriff and other officers 
attended by an armed force, repaired to the court house ; 
when being again refused admittance, some of the party 
fired into the house, killed one man, and wounded several. 

The people were highly inflamed by this rash proceed- 
ing, and, on the following day, assembled in large num- 
bers. A coroner attended, and a jury of inquest brought 
in a verdict, that the man was murdered by the court par- 
ty. Some of the officers were seized, and carried to the 
jail at Northampton in Massachusetts, but were released 
from confinement, on application to the chief justice of 
New York. 

JiHiot was done by the assembh/, ivhile these acts loere framing? 

What statement did they make in this petition 7 

xiiT. What is said of the controversy, concerning the Grants at 
this time ? 
Give some account of the occurrence at Westminster. 



FROM 1760 TO 1775. 113 

Committeeg of a large body of the people soon after 
met at Westminster, and amongst other measures, passed 
the following resolve. '' That it is the duty of the inhabit- 
ants wholly to renounce and resist the administration of 
the government of New York, until such time, as their 
lives and property can be secured by it ; or until they can 
have opportunity to lay their grievances before the king, 
with a petition to be annexed to some other government, 
or erected into a new one, as may appear best for the in- 
habitants." 

Sec. XIV. Matters now appeared about to 
form a most sanguinary crisis. Both parties 
were in the highest state of resentment, and 
exasperation ; when an event, the most tre- 
mendous in its consequences, arrested the at- 
tention of all, and gave a new channel to the 
torrent of popular fury. 

The breaking out of the American war at 
Lexington, by presenting new scenes, and 
greater objects, seems to have prevented either 
party from proceeding to open hostihties, and 
turned their attention from their particular con- 
test, to the general cause of America. Local 
and provincial contests were at once swallow- 
ed up, by the novelty, the grandeur, and the 
importance of the contest, which then opened 
between Britain and America.* 

* Williams. 

What measures were taken hy the settlers ? 
Wliat resolutions were passed at Westminster? 
XIV. What is said of the controversy at this time ? — —What pre- 
vented their proceeding to open hostilities .'' 

10* 



114 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



CHAP. XL 



C03iMENCEMENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY 
WAR. 

Origin of the controversy with Great Britain. 
State of affairs in the colony. Convention 
appoint delegates to the Provincial Congress. 
War breaks out at Lexington. Disturbances 
in New York. Capture of Ticonderoga arid 
Cr 01071 Point. Gov. Try on arrives. Expedi- 
tion against Canada. Surrender of Cham- 
bly, St Johns and Montreal-. Montgomery ap- 
pears before Quebec. His death. Inhabit- 
ants of Tryon county disarmed. Provincial 
troops enter New York. Americans evacuate 
Canada. Declaration of Independence. 

Sec. I. The dissentions between the colonies 
and then* mother country commenced soon af- 
ter the peace of 1 763 ; and originated in the 
right claimed by the king and parliament to tax 
the colonies, and to make laws binding them 
in all cases. The colonies contended, ^^t tax- 
ation and representation were inseparable ; and 
that, as they had no representation in the Brit- 
ish parhament, such right could not exist. 

Previous to the peace of '63, the colonies had been per- 
mitted to tax themselves without the interference of par- 

I. When did the dissensions Uetween Great Britain and the colonies 
commence ? In what did they originate ? What was contend- 
ed by the colonies ? 

How had the colonies been taxed previous to 1763 ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 115 

liaraent. The first act for the avowed purpose of raising a 
revenue from the colonies, was passed by the British par- 
liament in 1764, laying a duty on sundry articles of 
American consumption. Of this act, the colonies highly 
disapproved, because it recognised a right to tax them 
without their consent. In pursuance of the same policy, 
the celebrated stamp act was passed the following year, 
and excited general indignation throughout the colonies. 

Sec. II. The controversy, thus introduced, 
had been continued for ten years, increasing in 
animosity ; and had gathered strength and ma- 
turity from various circumstances of aggression 
and violence. The state of affairs during this 
period presents a series of coercive and oppres- 
sive measures on the one hand, and of uniform 
and unshaken resistance on the other. 

The Americans had no desire for a separation from 
England, and neither party appears to have anticipated a 
civil war. Both parties were resolutely determined not to 
abandon the ground they had assumed ; and were indulg- 
ing the hope, that they should ultimately find means to 
bring their opponents to submission. Matters were how- 
ever obviously tending towards that point, at which, all 
hope of reconciliation must be banished for ever. 

Sec. III. 1775. The second continental 
congress was to be assembled the present year 
at Philadelphia in May. The subject of send- 
ing delegates to this congress was agitated in 
the assembly of New York ; and, on the refusal 
of that body to appoint them, a provincial con- 

Whemoas the first act passed by the British parUament for this 

purpose ? Why was it disapproved? What other act is 

mentioned ? 

II. What is said of the progress of the controversy ? Of the 

state of affairs during this period ? Did the Americans desire a 

separation from England ? What hope was indulged by both par- 
ties ? 

III. What congress in 1775? What was agitated in the New 

York Assembly ? 



116 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

vention was called by the people for this pur- 
pose. The convention assembled at the city 
of New York on the 22d of April, and pro- 
ceeded to make the appointments. 

This convention was composed of deputies from New 
York, Albany, Dutchess, Ulster, Orange, Westchester, 
King's and Suffolk counties. They appointed Philip 
Livingston, George Clinton, James Duane, John Alsop, 
Simon Boerum, William Floyd, John Jay, Henry Wisner, 
Philip Schuyler, Lewis Morris, Francis Lewis, and Rob- 
ert R. Livingston, jr. delegates to the continental congress, 
who, or any five of them, were entrusted with full power 
to concert with the delegates from the other colonies, and 
determine upon such measures, as should be judged most 
effectual for the preservation and re-establishment of 
American rights and privileges, and for the restoration of 
harmony between Great Britain and the colonies. 

The event which occurred on the 5th of March, will 
convey a tolerable idea of the state of feeling at that time 
in the city of New York. ''The whig citizens, whose 
hearts were set upon having delegates for the new conti- 
nental congress, upon the assembly's declining to appoint 
them, contrived to collect their fellow citizens together in 
order to obtain their opinion*" 

" When assembled in a body, there was a confused cry 
of ' Congress, or no Congress 1 ' After much altercation, 
the tories had recourse to compulsive reasoning, and be- 
gan to deal about their blows. The wliio-s were in the 
. . . . . . ^ 

worst situation, not being provided with similar arguments, 

till two of their number lepaired to an adjacent cooper's 
yard, from whence they drew forth to their friends, a num- 
ber of hoop sticks, which they reduced to a proper length, 
and forwarded to the combatants. The whigs soon car- 
ried the day, by club law, and beat their opponents off the 
ground."* 

* Gordon. The terms whig and lory were applied to those in fa- 
voi of and opposed to the continental congress ; and were afterwards 
used, as synonymous with republican and royalist. 

By whom were they appointed ? 

Who were appointed delegates ? Til.th U'hat powers ivere they 

entrusted? Give some account of the event on the bih of March, 



REVOLUTIONi-RT WAR. 117 

Sec. IV. The massacre of the provincial 
mihtia by the British troops, at Lexington in 
Massachusetts, on the 19th of April, opened 
the scene, and introduced the war of the revo- 
lution. The inteUigence of this event excited 
a general burst of indignation throughout the 
continent. 

The people of New York w^ere much divi- 
ded in their opinions with regard to the mea- 
sures to be pursued. Many were still disposed 
to continue the exertions for effecting a recon- 
ciliation of the controversy with Great Britain. 
To most, it was, however, obvious, that the pe- 
riod of reconciliation was now past, and that 
the only safety for the colonies was to be found 
in vigorous and effectual defence against the 
arms and attacks of their mother country. 

Sec v. The disturbances in the city of New 
York, May the 5th, assumed so menacing 
an aspect as to require extraordinary means 
for securing the public tranquillity. A commit- 
tee of one hundred of the citizens was appointed 
for this purpose. This body presented a spirited 
address to the authorities of the city of London, 
stating their determination, never to submit to 
the oppressive measures of the British govern- 
ment. 

In this address, they declared, that " The disposal of 

IV. What event took place at Lexington on the 19th of April ? 

What effect did this event produce upon the colonies ? What is 

said of the sentiments of the people of New York at this time ? 

V. What is said of disturbances in the city ? What committee 

was appointed ? To whom did they present an address ? What 

statement did they make ? 

Give some further account of this address. 



118 HISTORY OF NEW YORK^ 

their own property with perfect spontaniety, and in a man- 
ner wholly divested of every appearance of constraint, is 
their indispensable birthright. This exalted blessing they 
are resolutely determined to defend with their blood, and 
to transfer, uncontaminated, to their posterity." They 
professed their readiness to submit cheerfully to a regula- 
tion of commerce, by the legislature of the parent country, 
excluding in its nature every idea of taxation. 

They gave assurance, " That America was grown so 
irritable by oppression, that the least shock in any part was, 
by the most powerful and sympathetic affection, instanta- 
neously felt through the whole continent. That while the 
whole continent were ardently wishing for peace on such 
terms, as could be acceded to by Englishmen, they 
were indefatigable in preparing for the last appeal." Near 
the close they observe — '' We speak the real sentiments 
of the confederated colonies on the continent, from Nova 
Scotia to Georgia, when we declare, that all the horrors 
of a civil war will never compel America to submit to tax- 
ation by authority of parliament." 

An association was the next day signed by above a thou- 
sand of the principal inhabitants of the city and country. 
They in the most solemn manner declared, that they asso- 
ciated to endeavor carrying into execution whatever mea- 
sures might be rec(immended by the continental congress, 
or be resolved upon by their own provincial convention, 
for the purpose of preserving their constitution, and oppo- 
sing the execution of the oppressive acts of the British 
parliament, until a reconciliation between Great Britain and 
America, on constitutional principles, could be obtained ; 
and they would in all things follow the advice of their 
general committee, respecting the purposes aforesaid, the 
preservation of peace and good order, and the safety of 
individuals and private property.* 

Sec. VI. It was deemed of importance, for 
putting the country in a posture of defence, to 
secure the fortresses at Ticonderoga, and 

* Gordon. 

What association was the next day formed?- Wliat did they 

declare ? 

Yi. What military operations ia May ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 119 

Crown Point. Col. Ethan Allen, with a party 
of ^' Green Mountain Boys,^^ ^ on the morning 
of the tenth of May, took possession of Ticon - 
deroga by surprise. On the same day. Crown 
Point was surrendered to another party under 
Col. Warner. A third party surprised Skeens- 
borough, (at present Whitehall,) and secured 
that important harbor. The capture of an 
armed sloop at St Johns, soon after, gave to 
the Americans the entire command of Lake 
Champlain. 

When Allen arrived at Ticonderoga, he demanded the 
surrender of the fort. " By what authority do you require 
it," said De la Place, the commander. '^ I demand it," 
said Allen, " in the name of the great Jehovah, and the 
Continental Congress." The fort was in no situation for 
defence, and was immediately surrendered. By these en- 
terprises above two hundred pieces of cannon, and large 
quantities of ammunition and military stores fell into the 
hands of the Americans. 

Sec. VII. Gov. Tryon, w^ho had been some 
time absent on a visit to Europe, arrived at 
New York on the 24th of June. He was much 
esteemed by a large portion of the citizens, and 
received a complimentary address from the 
city authorities. His exertions to promote the 
royal cause soon rendered him extremely un- 
popular. In October, he became alarmed for 
his personal safety, and retired on board the 
Halifax packet. 

The few troops, that were stationed at New 
lork, had been withdrawn some time previous 
to the arrival of Gov. Tryon. On the same 

* Troops from the JVew Hampshire Grants, so called. 

Give some accoint ofih? seizure of Ticonderoga. 

VII. What is said of the return of Gov. Tryon ? What rendered 

him unpopular ? Why did he leave the city ? 



120 History of new york. 

day, on which the address was presented to 
him, all the king's stores, of various kinds, at 
Turtle Bay, were seized, and removed. 

Sec. viu. A regular system of military oppo- 
sition having been resolved upon by the Con- 
tinental Congress, George Washington, of Vir- 
ginia, was appointed commander in chief of 
the American army. Amongst other appoint- 
ments, Philip Schuyler, of New York, was 
appointed major general, and Richard Mont- 
gomery, brigadier general. 

While Washington was engaged in organising 
the main body of the army in Massachusetts, 
an important expedition was planned against 
Canada, the command of which was assigned 
to generals Schuyler, and Montgomery. 

For this expedition, it was proposed to raise two thou- 
sand men, two regiments of which were to be raised in 
New York, and the remainder from the New England 
colonies. An armament was fitted out at Ticonderoga, 
and Crown Point, and, on September the fourth, Mont- 
gomery, with the forces that had arrived, moved down the 
lake. He was joined by Schuyler at Isle la Motte, when 
they both moved on to Isle aux Noix, and took measures 
to prevent the British vessels entering the lake. 

On the sixth of September, the American army, con- 
sisting of about one thousand men, advanced towards St 
Johns ; but finding the fort completely fortified and garri- 
soned, they resolved to return to Isle aux Noix, and await 
the arrival of artillery and reinforcements. Gen. Schuyler 
returned to Albany, to conclude a treaty with the Indians. 

Sec. IX. The reinforcements having arrived, 

What took place on the day the address was presented ? 

VIII. What was resolved upon by Congress ? Who was appointed 

commander in chief? What appointments are mentioned in New 

York ? What expedition was planned ? 

Give some account of the operations 7 ^ 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 121 

Montgomery proceeded to St Johns, on the 
1 7th of September, and began the siege. The 
fort at Chambly, situated farther down the river 
Sorel, was soon after invested by majors Brown 
and Livingston, assisted by the Canadians, who 
had joined the American forces, and compelled 
to surrender. Having obtained from this cap- 
ture a large supply of military stores, the siege 
of St Johns was pressed with great vigor. Af- 
ter an obstinate resistance, this fortress, with 
about seven hundred prisoners of war, was 
surrendered to Montgomery, on the third of 
November. 

Montreal was soon after surrendered without 
opposition. From this place, Montgoniery 
rapidly advanced towards Quebec. 

During the siege of St Johns, Gen. Carlton, with a force 
of eight hundred men, chiefly from Montreal, made an 
effort to relieve the place. While they were attempting to 
cross the St Lawrence, Col. Warner, who, with a body of 
three hundred men, was watching their movements, com- 
menced a most spirited attack, and compelled them to 
retire in confusion. Upon the fall of St Johns, Carlton 
retired to Quebec. 

In the mean time, a body of troops from Massachusetts, 
under the command of Col. Arnold, had been detached by 
Gen. Washington to cooperate against Quebec. Arnold, 
with seven hundred men, arrived at Point Levi, November 
9th, and on the 19th, encamped at Point au Trembles, to 
await the arrival of Montgomery. 

_ix. When was the siege of St Johns commenced ? What enter- 
prise vsras soon after effected ? What is said of the surrender of St 

Johns ? What place surrendered soon after ?- — To what did Mont- 
gomery next direct his attention ? 

What attempt of Gen. Carlton during the siege of St Johns? 

What is said of a body of troops from Massachusetts? 

11 



122 HIST0H7 OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. X. Montgomery, with the New York 
troops, effected a junction with Arnold on the 
first of December, and on the fifth, with their 
united forces, appeared before Quebec. On 
the 31st, the Americans made an attempt to 
carry the city by storm. They were, however, 
repulsed, with the loss of Montgomery, their 
brave commander, and near half their troops. 
After this repulse, Arnold, with the remains of 
the army, retired about three miles from Que- 
bec, where he encamped for the winter. 

" The garrison of Quebec consisted, at the time of the 
above attack, of about one thousand five hundred men ; 
the American forces were about eight hundred. The loss 
of the Americans, in killed and wounded, was about one 
hundred, and three hundred were taken prisoners. 

" The death of Gen. Montgomery was deeply lamented, 
both in Europe and America. The most powerful speakers 
in the British parliament displayed their eloquence in 
praising his virtues, and lamenting his fall. Congress di- 
rected a monument to be erected to his memory, expressive 
of their sense of his high patriotism and heroic conduct."* 

Sec. XI. 1776. Congress received infor- 
mation, that a large number of the inhabitants 
of Tryon county were disaffected to the Ameri- 
can cause, and under the direction of Sir John 
Johnson, were making military preparations. 
It vv^as resolved to disarm them, and the busi- 

* Goodrich. 



X, Give some account of the progress of Montgomery. — — When 
did he attempt to storm the city ? What success attended his at- 
tempt ? 

What can you say of the garrison of Quebec?- Of the Ameri- 
can forces ?— — Of their loss ? Of the death of Montgomery 7 

XI. Of what did congress receive information in 1776? What 

measures were taken ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 123 

ness was accordingly committed to general 
Schuyler. 

Gen. Schuyler, about the middle of January, called out 
seven hundred of the Albany county militia, and commen- 
ced his march ; but such was the enthusiasm of the people, 
that on his arrival at Caghnevvaga, his force amounted to 
near three thousand, including nine hundred of the Tryon 
county militia. The approach of so formidable a forc^, 
intimidated the royalists to such a degree, that they were 
ready to make proposals of submission. 

It was agreed, that Sir John, having given his parole of 
honor not to take up arms against America, should confine 
himself to certain limits ; — that he should deliver up all 
the cannon, arms, and military stores, that, to his knoW" 
ledge, were in the county, a few favorite family arms ex- 
cepted ; — that the inhabitants should surrender their arms, 
and twelve prisoners, who were to be selected by Gen. 
Schuyler, and to be treated with humanity and due defe- 
rence to rank. The whole number disarmed was supposed 
to amount to about six hundred. 

About the same time, a considerable number 
were intrenching themselves on Long Island, 
for the purpose of supporting the royal cause. 
A detachment of the Jersey militia were sant 
over, by whom they were disarmed, and their 
leaders secured. 

Sec. XII. Gen. Lee, preceded by a detach- 
ment of the continental troops, entered New 
York, early in February. In March, Gen. 
Washington succeeded in expelling the British 
troops from Boston, and, anticipating an at- 
tempt upon New York, soon after, made this 
place the head quarters of the army. 

Give some account of Schuyler'' s proceedings. 

At what other place were efforts made to support the royal cause? 
-' What was done to counteract thotn ? 

XII. When was New York occupied by the continental troops ? -- 

What was effected^y Washington in March ? 



124 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

About the time of Lee's arrival, the inhabitants wera 
thrown into great consternation, by the appearance of Gen, 
Clinton, with an armed force, at the Hook. Gen, Lee 
gave out — " If the men of war set one house on fire in 
consequence of my coming, I will chain an hundred of 
their friends together, and make that house their funeral 
pile." Had anything been attempted, he would probably 
have retaliated in a formidable manner ; but Clinton, after 
tarrying a short time at the Hook, sailed to the southward. 

Sec. xni. The siege of Quebec was regularly- 
maintained during the winter, and considerable 
reinforcements were ordered to that post. Gen. 
Thomas was appointed to take the command, 
and arrived on the first of May. The Ameri- 
can force before Quebec amounted to one 
thousand nine hundred men ; but the small pox 
having broken out among the troops, not more 
than nine hundred were fit for duty. As it was 
impossible, in the present state of the army, to 
effect any enterprise, it was resolved, May the 
fifth, to make the best retreat In their power. 

The arrival of reinforcements gave the Brit- 
ish a decided superiority, and the American 
army, in a series of unfortunate movements, 
were compelled to abandon one post after 
another, until, on the ITthof June, they wholly 
evacuated Canada. 

Gen. Thomas died of the small pox at Sorelle, and the 
comm:*id devolved on Gen. Sullivan. By the assistance 
of Stark, Poor, Wayne, and other excellent officers, he 
succeeded in making a safe retreat before a far superior 

Give some account of the occurrence about the time of Lee^s ar- 
rival. 

XIII. What is said of the siege of Quebec ? -Of the number and 

condition of the troops ? What was resolved upon ? What fur- 
ther ran you say of the operations in Canada : 

Tfliat 'is said of the retreat ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 125 

British force, and bringing the shattered remaiii;^ .f the 
American army safe to Crown Point. 

Sec. XIV. In the midst of these misfortunes the 
Americans were not dispirited. On the 8th 
of June, a motion was made in tlie continental 
congress, then in session at Philadelphia, for 
a declaration of independence. After mature 
deliberation, they, on the ^th of July ^ 1776, in 
the name, and by the authority of the people 
of the united colonies, solemnly published, 
and declared — 

" That the united colonies are, and of right 
ought to be, Fiee and Independent Stales; and 
that they are absolved from all allegiance to 
the British crown, and that all pohtical connex- 
ion between them and the state of Great Brit- 
ain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." 

The intelligence of this declaration was re- 
ceived on the 9th by the convention of the 
state of New York, then in session at White 
Plains. They immediately passed an unani- 
mous resolution, fully approving of the measure, 
and expressing their determination, at the risk 
of their lives and fortunes, to unite with the 
other colonies in supporting it. 

The declaration was signed by all the members of the 
Continental Congress. The delef^ates from New York 
were WiUlam Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, 
and Lcivis 3Iorris. 

When the declaration arrived at New York, it was read, 
in accordance with general orders, at the head of each 

XIV. What declaration was made in 1776 ? What resolution was 

passed by the New York convention ? 

JBy whom was the declaration signed? Who ivere the dele- 
gates from jYeiv York?—- — What took place when the declaration 
arrived at JVew York ? 

11* 



12G HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

brigade of the continental army; and was everywhere re- 
ceived with the utmost demonstrations of joy. The same 
evening, the equestrian statue of the king was laid pros-* 
trate, and the lead of which it was composed doomed to 
be cast into bullets, for the use of the army. 



CHAP. XII. 

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 
FR03I 177G TO 1778. 

Disposition of British and American troops at 
New York. Battle on Long MancL Ameri- 
cans evacuate New York. Americans continue 
to retreat. Fort Washington taken by the 
Briiish. Operations on Lake Champlain, 
Convention adopt the State Constitution. 
Commencement of the nqrihern campaign in 
1777. Invasion of Burgoyne. His capture. 
Enterprise of Clinton. State Government or- 
ganised. 

Sec. I. 1776. It was now expected, that 
the enemy would make New York the principal 
point of attack, and great exertions were made 
for putting the place in a posture of defence. 
Gen. Washington arrived on the 14th of April. 
The command of the British force was entrusted 
to Lord Howe and his brother Sir William. On 
the 22d of August, Lord Howe landed his troops, 
estimated at twentyfour thousand men, at 

I. Where was an attack expected in 1776? What measures 

were taken r What was the number of the enemy, and by whom 

were they commanded ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 127 

Gravesend Bay, oa Long Island. The Ameri- 
can army, amounting to fifteen thousand, under 
the command of Gen. SulHvan, were encamped 
on a peninsula near the village of Brooklyn. 

The centre of the British army, composed of Hessians, 
under Gen. Heister, encamped at Flatbush. The left 
wing, under Gen. Grant, extended to the coast. The 
right wing, composed of the principal army, under the 
command of generals Clinton, Percy, andCornwallis, was 
extended towards the opposite coast at Flatland. 

The Americans had thrown up strong fortifications, 
which were separated from New York by East river. A 
line of intrenchments from Mill Creek to the elbow of East 
river enclosed the American camp. The armies were 
separated by a range of hills, covered with thick wood, 
which intersect the country from west to east, terminating 
near Jamaica. These high lands were occupied by large 
detachments from the American army. 

Sec. II. On the 27th of August, the British 
made an attack on the advanced posts of the 
American army. After an obstinate engage- 
ment, the Americans were compelled to retire^ 
v/ith great loss, to their intrenchments. They 
now resolved to withdraw from the island, and, 
on the 30th, a safe retreat was effected. 

The, loss of the Americans in the battle on Long Island, 
in killed, wounded, and taken prisoners, was upwards of 
one thousand. Among the prisoners captured by the ene- 
my, were generals Sullivan, Stirling, and Woodhull. The 
loss of the British was estimated at about four hundred. 



Tfhere did they land ? What was the number of the Americans, 

and by whom were they commandetl ? — Where were they encam^jed ? 

Give some account of the disposition of the British arjiiy. Gf 

the American army. 

II. When and by whom was an attack made? What was the 

result of the action ? When did the Americans withdraw from the 

island ? 

What can you say of the loss of the Americans in this engage- 
vierd 7 Of the British ? 



12S HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

The successful retreat from Long Island was attended 
by favorable auspices, and conducted with the most con- 
summate address. After the necessary preparations, on 
the 29th of August, at eight in the evening, the troops si- 
lently began to move, and, at eleven, Avere on board their 
vessels. A violent northeast wind, and ebb tide, at first 
prevented their passage. Fortunately, the wind suddenly 
veered to the northv/est, when they inmiediately made sail, 
and landed in New York. About two o'clock in the 
morning, a thick fog, at this season of the year uncommon, 
covered Long Island, the New York side remaining per- 
fectly clear. It was not till some time after sunrise, that 
tlie fog was dispelled, and the English perceived, that the 
Americans had abandoned their camp, and were sheltered 
from pursuit. 

Sec. III. Immediately after tlieir victoiy on 
Long Island, the enemy made dispositions to 
attack New York. It was thought prudent to 
evacuate the city, and the American troops re- 
tired to liaerlem and Kind's Bridge. The 
British took possession of the place on the 15th 
of September, and encamped the main body of 
their army on York Island, near the American 
lines. 

The day following the retreat from New York, a con- 
siderable body of the enemy appearing in the plains be- 
tween the two camps. Gen. Washington ordered Col. 
Kuowlton, with a corps of rangers, and Maj. Leitch, with 
three companies of a Virginian regiment, to get in their 
rear, while he amused them by making apparent disposi- 
tions to attack their front. The plan succeeded, and a 
skirmish ensued, in which the Americans charged the 
enemy with ^reat intrepidity, and gained considerable ad- 
vantages. This action exerted a happy influence in re- 
viving the depressed spirits of the army. 

W'lat can you say of the retreat ? 

III. What ciisposiiions were next made by the enemy ? What 

measures were taken by the Americans ? 

Give some account of the operations the day after the retreat from 
JYew York. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 129 

A few days after the British took possession of New 
York, a very destructive fire broke out in the city, nearly 
one fourth part of which was laid in ashes. About one 
thousand houses were consumed.* 

Sec. IV. The American army being, in point 
of numbers, greatly inferior to that of the ene- 
my, it was resolved, in council of war, to adopt 
the course of evacuating and retreating. Gen. 
Washington, accordingly, drew off the main 
body of the army from York Island, and en- 
camped at White Plains. Lord Howe advan- 
ced upon him with fifteen thousand effective 
men, and an engagement ensued on the 28th 
of October. The loss on each side amounted 
to several hundreds, but no decisive advantage 
was obtained. 

On the 30lh, the British army, having received conside- 
rable reinforcements, again made dispositions to attack 
the American lines ; but a violent rain setting in induced 
a postponement of the assault. The Americans soon after 
withdrew in the night to the heights of North Castle, 
about five miles from White Plains ; there, their position 
was so strong, that the enemy declined any attempt. Gen. 
Washington, leaving about seven thousand five hundred 
men under Gen. Lee, for the defence of North Castle, 
then crossed the Hudson, and continued his retreat to the 
southward. 

Sec. v. The American army continued re- 
tiring from New York, and Sir William Howe 
embraced the opportunity of reducing Fort 
Washington, on the Hudson. 

* Holmes^s Annals. 

What occurred after the British took possession? 

IV. What course was next adopted by the Americans ? Give 

some account of the action at White Plains. 

What prevented the enemy from making another attack ?— — 
What measures were taken hy Washington 7 

¥, What enterprise of the enemy while the Americans were retiring '? 



130 HISTORY 01' NEW YORK, 

The fort was invested by the English forces on the 16ti/ 
of November. After a severe contest, which continued 
nearly the whole day, Col. Magaw, the commander, finding 
his ammunition mostly exhausted, surrendered the fortress, 
and with it, about two thousand seven hundred men, as 
prisoners of war. Fort Lee, on the Jersey shore, was soon 
after abandoned to the enemy. 

Sec. VI. While these operations were go- 
ing on in the southern part of the State, the 
northe^*n division of the army, under General 
Gates, v/as engaged in repairing the fortress 
at Ticonderoga, and making preparations for 
securing the command of Lake Champlain. 
The works of Ticonderoga were considerably 
enlarged, and, by the eighteenth of August, a 
considerable naval force was equipped and 
fitted for action. 

This armament consisted of one sloop, three schooners, 
and five gondolas, carrying fiftyfive guns, besides seventy 
swivels, and was manned with about four hundred men. 
The British in the mean time, at the north end of the 
lake, were engaged in fitting out a superior naval force, 
which was completed early in October. In the number 
of vessels, guns, and implements of war, and in the num- 
ber of men, the strength of the British was double to that 
of the Am,erican fleet. 

Sfx. VII. The American fleet' under Gen. 
Arnold, the last of August, sailed down the 
lake, and took a position between Isle Valcour 
and the western main. Gen. Carlton, with 
the British, proceeded up the lake and made 
an attack on the eleventh of October. An en- 



Give so77ie account of it. 

VI. In what was the northern division of the army engaged? 

What measures were tsken ? 

Give some account of this arinament. Of that of the British^ 

VII. Give some account of the operations on Lake Champlain. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 131 

gagement ensued, which was obstinately main- 
tained for several hours, when, the wind being 
unfavorable for the British, they Vvdthdrew their 
vessels from the action. Arnold, convinced of 
the superior strength of the enemy, endeavor- 
ed, during the night, to effect a retreat. He 
was pursued on the following morning, and on 
the 13th a second engagement took place, 
near Crown Point, in which the British were 
completely victorious. Arnold landed his men, 
and after blowing up his vessels, and firing the 
fortress at Crown Point, retreated to Ticonde- 
roga. 

Sec. VIII. Gen. Gates had now put the 
works at Ticonderoga in a state of defence, 
and, with twelve thousand effective men, 
awaited an attack from the enemy. Gen. 
Carlton, after reconnoitering the place, and 
not deeming it prudent to make the attack, 
remained some time at Crown Point, and on 
the approach of winter returned to Canada. 

Gen. Washington, after having crossed the Hudson, 
continued his retreat through New Jersey, and crossed the 
Delaware into Pennsylvania. The unfortunate operations 
of the war in this quarter, spread a deep and general 
gloom over the American cause. The continental con- 
gress Vv'ere however not discouraged by these niisfortunes, 
and proceeded to drav/ up ariicies of confederation, and 
perpetual union between the States. 

On the night of the 25th of December, Gen. Washing- 
ton retrossed the Delaware, and advanced to Trenton, 

— —Of the second engagement. 

VIII. What is said of the operations at Ticonderoga ? 

What is said of the movements of Washington after crossing the 

Hudson ? Of the proceedings of Congress ? JVhat enterprise 

of Washington in December ? 



132 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

where, on the following day, he surprised and made pris- 
oners of one thousand Hessians, who were in the service 
of the enemy. After securing these prisoners on the 
Pennsylvania side of the Delaware, he proceeded to 
Princeton, and attacked a detachment of the British, who 
had taken refuge in the college. Sixty of the enemy 
were killed and three hundred taken prisoners. 

Sec. IX. 1777. The people of New York 
from the commencement of the war, and the 
consequent abohtion of the regal authority, had 
been governed by the ordinances of the State 
Convention and the directions of the Council 
of Safety. Early the present year they direct- 
ed their attention to the more perfect organ- 
ization of their internal police, and the estab- 
lishment of civil government. 

A Convention of Delegates, elected and au- 
thorized for this purpose, assembled at Kings- 
ton, on the 20th of April, and adopted the 
state constitution. George Clinton, Esq. was 
soon after elected by the freeholders to the 
office of governor. 

The character of tlie constitution adopted by this con- 
vention was republican, and while it formed the original 
compact between the people and their rulers, it served as 
a declaration and bill of rights. By this constitution the 
supreme executive power was vested in a Governor, and 
Lieutenant Governor, who was to preside over the Senate, 
and perform the duties of the supreme executive in case 
of any vacancy. The supreme legislative pov/er was 
vested in the Senate and House of Assembly, who were 

IX. How had the people of New York been governed since the 
commencement of the war ? To what did they direct their atten- 
tion in 1777 ? Where, and by whom was the constitution adopted ? 

-Who w^as appohited first governor ? 

What ivas the character of thin constitution 7 In whorn was 

the supreme executive power vested? The supreme legislative 

power ? 



REVOLUTIONARY V/AR. 133 

to hold at least one session every year. The governor 
and members of the senate and house of assembly were 
to be elected by the frceJwldcrs of the State of New 
York. 

The Council of Safety were directed by the Conven- 
tion to regulate the manner in which the first elections 
should be held, and were invested with all the powers ne- 
cessary for the safety and preservation of the state, until 
a meeting of the Legislature. The time appointed by 
the Convention for the first meeting of this body was the, 
first of July ; but on account of the embarrassment occa- 
sioned by the warlike operations in the country, the time 
for this meeting was postponed by several successive pro- 
rogations to the first of September. 

Sec. X. A principal object of the British, 
in the campaign of the present year, was to 
open a communication between New York 
and Canada, and separate New England from 
the neighboring States. 

The plan of operations consisted of two 
parts. Gen. Burgoyne, with the main body of 
the army from Canada, was to advance by way 
of Lake Champlain, and effect a junction, at 
Albany, with the royal army from New York. 
A detachment of British soldiers, and a large 
body of Indians under Col. St Leger, with a 
regiment of New York loyalists under Sir 
John Johnson, were to ascend the St Law- 
rence to Lake Ontario, and penetrate toward 
Albany by the way of the Mohawk river. 

Sec. XI. Early in the spring of the present 



By whom were the governor and menibers of the legislature to 

he eiccicd ? IVhat directions were given to the Council of] Safety ? 

JVifh what powers were they vested? JT^?/ was the meet- 
ing ofihe legislature postponed? 

x. What was a principal object of the British in the campaiga of 
1777? What was the plan of operations ? 

12 



1 34 IIISTOIIY OF NEW YORK. 

year, several enterprises were UDdertaken by 
the royal army in New York for the destruc- 
tion of American stores. 

A detachment of about five hundred landed at Peeks- 
kill, March 23d ; but on the approach of an American 
force, fired the principal store houses, and retired. Ano- 
ther detachment, of two thousand, under Gen. Tryon, 
proceeded, April :2(Hh, to Danbury, in Connecticut, and 
after destroying eighteen houses, with large stores of pro- 
visions, were attacked by the Americans, and retired with 
considerable loss. 

In retaliation for these predatory excursions, an enter- 
prise was soon after undertaken by the Americans against 
Long Island. Sagg Harbor was, May 2'Si], completely 
surprised, and twelve vessels, with forage for the use of 
the army, were destroyed. About one hundred of the 
enemy were killed and taken prisoners, without the loss 
of a single man by the Americans. 

Sec. xii. On the 30th of June, Gen. Bur- 
goyne, with an army of above seven thousand 
men, exclusive of a corps of artillery, and a 
large body of Indians, advanced to Crown 
Point, and proceeded to invest Ticonderoga. 
Gen. St Clair, the American commander, 
abandoned the fortress on the 6th of July, and 
after a laborious and distressing march, effect- 
ed a junction v»^ith Gen. Schuyler at Fort Ed- 
ward. 

The rear guard of the American army, un- 
der Col. Warner, consisting of above one thou- 
sand men, was overtaken and attacked at Hub- 
bardton by a body of the enemy amounting to 
eight hundred and fifty, under Gen. Frazer. 

XI. What enterprises wei-c undertaken in the spring ? 

iVhat is said of the one against Peekskill? — —Jigainst Banbu- 
ry 1 T\^at was undertaken in retaliation ? 

XII. What can you say of the operations at Ticonderoga ? Of 

he action at Hubbardton ? 



i 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 135 

The Americans made an obstinate resistance, 
until a reinforcement of the enemy arrived, 
when they were completely routed, with the 
loss of about four hundred men killed and 
taken prisoners. 

The forces of Gen, S^^huyler at Fort Edward, after the 
junction of St Ciair, did not amount to over four thousand 
four hundred men. Considering the superior force of the 
enemy, it was resolved to evacuate this post ; and, accord- 
ingly, on the approach of Burgoyne, Schuyler retired over 
the Hudson to Saratoga. 

Sec. XIII. Gen. Burgoyne arrived at Fort 
Edward on the 30th of July. On the 3d of 
August, St Leger with about eighteen hundred 
men invested Fort Schuyler* under the com- 
mand of Gen. Gransevoort. On the approach 
of the royal forces. Gen. Herkimer assembled 
the militia for the relief of the garrison, but fell 
into an ambuscade, and was defeated with great 
slaughter. 

Sec XIV. While the British army were en- 
camped at Fort Edward, a detachment, under 
Col. Baum made an attempt to surprise the 
American stores collected at Bennington, on 
the New Hampshire Grants. Gen. Stark col- 
lected the militia, and on the 26th of August, 
an obstinate engagement took place, in which 
the British were totally defeated. Their com- 
mander was mortally wounded, and about six 
hundred men were killed and taken prisoners. 

* Formerly Fort Stanw!x, at the head of the Mohawk river. 

What is said of Schuyler's forces at Fort Edward / JVhat 

was resolved? 

XIII. When did Bur.2;oyn8 arrive at Fort Edward ? Give some 

account of the operations at Fort Schuyler. 

XV. What occurred at Bennington ? 



!3G HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

StLeger soon afler abandoned the siege of Fort Schuyler^ 
and returned to Montreal. Gen. Burgoyne crossed the 
Hudson on the fourteenth of September, and encampe<l on 
the heights and plains of Saratoga. Gen. Gates, who had 
recently taken the command of the northern army, advan- 
ced towards the enemy, and encamped three miles above 
Stillwater. On the night of the 17t"h, Burgoyne encamped 
within four miles of the American army. 

Sec. XV. On the 19th of September, Gen. 
Burgoyne advanced upon the Americans, and 
a severe but indecisive engagement ensued. 
The contest was resolutely maintained for. four 
hpurs, Vv'hen, on the approach of night, the 
Americans withdrew from the field. The loss 
of the Americans was about three hundred ; 
that of the enemy about six hundred. 

A second engagement took place on the 7th 
of October. The Americans conducted witk 
great bravery, and obtained a decided victory. 
The battle was obstinately contested till night 
put an end to the effusion of blood. The 
British lost in killed and taken prisoners about 
four"^ hundred men, amongst whom, were seve- 
ral of their most valuable officers. The loss 
of the Americans was very inconsiderable. 

From the 20th of September to the 7th of October, the 
two armies continued so near each other, that not a night 
passed witliout some skirmishing, and several concerted 
attacks were made upon the British piquets. Tlie royal 
army now began to suffer severely from the want of pro- 
visions, and Burgoyne resolved, if possible, to dislodge the 

* This is merely an estimate of the number. The statements as 
to the numbers killed in this ensiao-enient are much at variance. 



JVhat were the proceedings of St Lester 7 Of Burgoyne 7 

Of Gen. Gates 7 

XV. What can you say of the action on the 19th of September ? 

On the Tth of October ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. iOi 

Americans from their posts on the left, and thus open a 
retreat to the lakes. For this purpose, on the 7th, tifteen 
hundred men were drawn out, headed by himself, and as- 
sisted by generals Phillips, Reidesel, and Frazer. The 
detachment had scarcely formed, when a furious attack was 
made on the left, which was sustained by Maj. Ackland, 
at the head of the British grenadiers, with great firmness. 
The Americans soon extended their attack along the whole 
front of the German troops, who were posted on the right 
of the grenadiers ; and marched a body round their flank, 
to prevent their retreat. On this movement, the British 
light infantry, with a part of the 24th regiment, instantly 
formed, to cover the retreat of the troops into tlie camp. 
Their left wing, in the mean time, overpowered with num- 
bers, was obliged to retreat, and would inevitably have 
been cut to pieces, but for the intervention of the same 
troops which had just been covering the retreat of the right. 

The whole detachment was now under the necessity of 
retiring: but scarcely had the British troops entered the 
lines, when the Americans, led by Gen. Arnold, pressing 
forward under a tremendous fire of grape shot and mus- 
ketry, assaulted the works throughout their whole extent 
from right to left. Towards the close of the day, Arnohl, 
with a few men, forced the entrenchments, and actually 
entered the works ; but his horse being killed, and himself 
badly wounded in the leg, they were forced to retire. On 
the left of Arnold's detachment, a regiment, under Lieut. 
Col. Brooks, was still more successful. It turned to the 
right, and carried, by storm, the works occupied by the 
German reserve. Lieut. Ccl. Breyman was killed, and 
Brooks maintained the ground he had gained. Among 
the slain of the enemy, was Gen. Frazer, an officer of 
distinguished merit, whose loss was particularly regretted. 

The force under Gen. Gates was greatly augmented by 
the militia and volunteers, who were constantly pouring in 
from all quarters, and their commander vigilant in cutting 
off from the enemy every avenue of retreat. Fourteen 

Give some further account of the action on the 1th of October. 

Bij tvhom rvas the force of Gates augmented? -In u.uiat tuas 

he vigilant ? 

J2* 



138 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



hundred men were posted opposite the ford of Saratoga .: 
two thousand in the rear, to prevent a retreat to Fort Ed- 
ward ; and fifteen hundred at a ford higher up. Burgoyne, 
apprehensive of being hemmed in, retired to Saratoga. 
The Americans, in the mean time, possessed themselves 
of roit Edward, and a-detachment of five hundred, under 
Col. Brown, surprised all the outposts of the enemy, from 
the north end of Lake George to the body of the fortress 
at Ticonderoga. 

Sec. XVI. After several ineffectual attempts 
to retreat. Gen. Burgoyne found himself com- 
pletely surrounded, without a possibility of es- 
caping. In this extremity, he entered into a 
convention with Gen. Gates, and, on the 17th 
of October, the royal army, amounting to above 
five thousand seven hundred men, were surren- 
dered prisoners of war. Soon after the sur- 
render of Burgoyne, the garrison at Ticonde- 
roga abandoned the fortress, and returned to 
Canada. 

The capture of an entire army was justly viev/ed as an 
event that must essentially affect the contest between 
Britain and America ; and was received by the people 
with the highest demonstrations of joy. The intelligence 
of this event, probably, gave a favorable issue to the nego- 
tiations then carried on with the Erench court, and which 
resulted, the following year, in obtaining from that go- 
vernment powerful aid, in the prosecution of the war. 

Sec. XVII. During the operations at Saratoga, 
Sir Henry Clinton, with three thousand men. 



TJ'fiat disposition did he make of his troops 7 

Of what fortress did the Jlinericans possess themselves 7 HHiat 

was affected by the detachment under Col. JBrown7 

XVI. What is said of the condition of Burgoyne ? When did he 

surrender ? 

Flo 10 V} as the capture of Burgoyne' s army vieived7 TVhat 

influence did this event have on the negotiations with the French 7 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 139 

convoyed by several ships of war, proceeded 
up the Hudson, with the view of effecting a 
diversion in favor of Burgoyne. On the 6th of 
October he made an attack upon Forts Montr 
gomery and Clinton. The attack was obsti- 
nately resisted during the day ; but on the fol- 
lowing evening, the works were carried at the 
point of the bayonet. Most of the garrison 
escaped. 

Forts Independence, and Constitution, were 
the next day evacuated, and Gen. Putnam, who 
had the command on the Hudson, retreated to 
Fishkill. Gen. Tryon, the day following, burned 
Continental Village, where considerable stores 
were deposited. Gen. Va^ughan, with a strong 
detachment, proceeding up the river, devastated 
the settlements along its banks, burned the 
village of Kingston, and then embarked for 
New York. 

Misfortune still continued to attend the operations of 
the southern department of the army. The Americans 
were defeated at Brandy wine, on the 11th of September, 
and Philadelphia fell into the hands of the British. On 
the 4th of October, Washington attacked a body of the 
British troops at Germantown, but was repulsed with a 
loss of double that of the enemy. 

Sec. XVIII. On the 9th of September, the 
first legislature under the new constitution, as- 
sembled at Kingston, and proceeded to organ- 
ize the government. After making some ar- 
rangements for the defence of the country, and 

XVII. What was attempted, durins: these operations, by Sir Henry 
Clinton ? Give some account of the enterprise. 

What is said of the operations of the southern departuient? 

XVIII. Vv'^hen and at what place was the government organized .' 

What is said of the proceedings of the legislature ? 



140 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

appointing delegates to the General Congress, 
they adjourned on the 7th of October^ hav-ing 
received intelligence of the approach of the 
enemy. 

The members present, at the opening of the first session 
of the senate, at Kingston, were Pierre Van Cortlandt, 
John Morris Scott, Philip Livingston, Abraham Yates, Jr., 
William Floyd, William Smith, Alexander Webster, Dirick 
W. Ten Broeck, Levi Pawling, Jesse Woodhull, Zepha- 
niah Piatt, Jonathan Loudon, and Arthur Parks. Pierre 
Van Cortlandt, Esq. was elected President. The delegates 
appointed to the General Congress, were Philip Livingston, 
James Duane, Francis Lewis, William Duer, and Gouvc- 
neur Morris. 

The time appointed for this session to commence was 
the first of September ; but on account of the disturbances 
occasioned by the military operations in the country, a 
number sufficient to transact business did not assemble 
until the ninth. During their deliberations, members 
were frequently called oiF to assist the military in defend- 
ing the country, or attend to removing their families from 
the scene of action. 

On what account did they adjourn ? 

Mention some of the members present at the opening of the first 
session. Who were appointed delegates to the General Con- 
gress ? What prevented the session fro7n opening at the time 

appointed? For ivhat were the members called off? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 141 



CHAP. XIII. 



KEVOLUTIONARY WAR, CONTINUED TO ITS 
TERMINATION. 

Legislative proceedings. Revival of Contro- 
versy relative to ihe Grants, Treaty of Alli- 
ance ivith France, British Army concentrat- 
ed at New York, French fleet arrives. Cam- 
paign of '79. Operations at Sloney Point 
and Verplank^s. Expedition against the In- 
dians. Campaign of 1780. Depredations 
of the Royal Army. Arnold\s Treachery. 
Campaign of '81. Capture of CormvaUis, 
Independence acknowledged. 

Sec. I. 1778. The legislature was again 
assembled,^ by prociamation of the governor 
on the i5th of January, and the "articles of 
confederation and perpetual union between 
the United States of America," which had 
been drawn up Sy Congress the preceding 
year, presented for their consideration. An 
act w^as passed, by which these articles were 
unanimously approved, and the delegates from 
the state of New York authorized to ratify the 
same. They then proceeded to make provi- 
sion for the better organization of the militia 
for the defence of the country, and to enact 
such laws, as the general or local interests of 
the community were supposed to require. 

* At Povghkeepsie. 

I, When, arfd in what manner was the legislature assembled ? 
— — Give some account of their proceedings. 



142 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

The termination of hostilities in the north- 
ern part of the state was attended by a revi- 
val of the controversy relative to the New 
Hampshire Grants. Delegates from the in- 
habitants of the Grants having assembled at 
Westminster in January, 1777, passed are- 
solution absolving all allegiance to the go- 
vernment of New York, and declaring that 
district an independent state, to be distinguish- 
ed by the name of Vermont. 

They then enclosed a copy of the declaration to Con- 
gress with a petition that it might be received, that the 
district therein described might be ranked among the free 
and independent American States, and their delegates be 
admitted to a seat in Congress. 

Application was also made, by the New York Commit- 
tee of safety, to Congress ; stating that by the influence 
of certain designing men, a part of the state had been 
prevailed on to revolt, and disavow the authority of its 
legislature, and requesting that body to discountenance 
these disorderly proceedings. In another communication 
to Congress, March 1st, they represent, "that they de- 
pend upon the justice of that honorable house, to adopt 
every wise and salutary expedient, to suppress the mis- 
chiefs that must ensue that state and to the general con- 
federacy from the unjust and pernicious projects of such 
of the inhat)itants of New York, as merely from selfish 
and interested motives, have fomented this dangerous in- 
surrection. 

Congress proceeded to act on these communications in 
June, and, after several adjournments, passed resolutions, 
disapproving of the proceedings of the inhabitants of the 
Grants ; and their petition to be received as an independ- 
ent state, and their delegates admitted to a seat in Con- 
gress, was dismissed. The inhabitants of the Grants, 
however, still persisted in their opposition to the govern- 

What is said of the controversy relative to the Grants ? 
Give some further account of the proceedings. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 143 

nient of New York, and proceeded to draw up a constitu- 
tion for the new state, and to establish a regular form of 
government. 

Sec. II. The success which had attended 
the Americans in the campaign of the preced- 
ing year, placed them on higher ground and 
opened new resources to their view. The 
capture of Burgoyne laid the foundation for 
the acknowledgment of their independence 
abroad, and for acquiring the assistance of 
foreign nations. 

On the sixth of February, a treaty of com- 
merce and alliance was concluded between the 
commissioners of the United States and Louis 
XVI. of France. The arrival of a French 
fleet, early in July, v/ith supplies of men and 
military stores to cooperate against the ene- 
my, gave pov/erful aid to the American cause. 

The commissioners in behalf of the United States had 
been, for more than a year, residing at Paris to accom- 
plish this important object. During this period their pros- 
pects of success had constantly varied according to the 
aspect of American affairs. The result of the American 
struggle was yet too doubtful, for that country to embroil 
herself in war with Great Britain. The capture of the 
British army at Saratoga gave indications of the ultimate 
triumph of the American arms, and decided the wavering 
]>oiicy of the French court. 

'•' In the treaty of alliance it u^as declared, that if war 
should break out between France and England during the 
existence of that with the United States, it should be 
made a common cause, and that nei'.her of the contract- 
ing parties should conclude either truce or peace, with 

Wiiat is said of the success otlhe niilitary operations ihe preceding 
year? What treaty was concluded ? 

Give some, account of the neg'Alalioiis. What teas stipulated 

in the treaty ? 



144 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Great Britain, without the formal consent of the other 
f rst obtained ; and they mutually engaged, not to lay 
down their arms until the independence of the United 
States shall have been formally, or tacitly, assured by the 
treaty or treaties, that should terminate the war." 

Sec. hi. On receiving intelligence of the 
alliance of America with France, the British 
evacuated Philadelphia, and concentrated the 
royal army at New York. The Americans 
encamped at White Plains, where they remain- 
ed till late in autumn. The operations of the 
Vv^ar in this quarter, the present year, were not 
attended with any important achievements. 

Upon the termination of the campaign of 1777, the 
British army had retired to winter quarters at Philadel- 
phia, and the Americans at Valley Forge. On the 18th 
of .Tune the royal army crossed the Delaware, into New 
Jersey, and continued their retreat towards New York. 
They were attacked by Gen. Washington at Monmouth 
on the 2Sth, and a severe engagement ensued, in which 
the Americans obtained the advantage. Night only 
separated the two armies, and Gen. Washingt-^ni resolved, 
the next day, to renew the attack. About midnight, the 
British general drew off his troops with such perfect 
silence, that their escape was not discovered until morn- 
ing, when the Americans declined the pursuit. The 
British made good their retreat to New York, and the 
Americans withdrew towards the Hudson. 

The French fleet, lioasisting of twelve ships of the 
line, and six frigates, commanded by Count D'Estaing 
arrived off Newport the 1st of July, to act in concert 
with the Americans in an atiempt on Rhode Island. 
Lord Howe, at the same time arrived with his fleet from 
New York ; and instead of cooperating with the Ameri- 
cans, D'Estaing went out to give him battle. A storm 

What measures were taken by the British, on hearing of this alli- 
ance ?-' — What is said of the operations of the war? 

What is said of the action at Mon7nouth? Of the F)ench 

fleet ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 145 

• parated the fleets, and D'Estaing sailed for Boston to 
epair his vessels, some skirmishing took place beiween 
die Americans and the British, but nothing decisive was 
effected. The siege of Newport was soon after raised^ 
iiid the Americans retired. 

On the 28th of August, the British army made an ex- 
ursion up the Hudson, rnoving in strong force on each 
ide of the river. Receiving intelligence, that Col. Bay- 
lor with a regiment of American cavalry had taken quar-' 
ters at Tappan, they devised a plan for cutting them off. 
A patty, detached for this purpose under the command of 
Gen. Gray, completely surprised the whole regiment, as 
they lay asleep. Out of one hundred and four privates, 
sixty seven were killed, wounded, and taken prisoners. 

The attempts of the British had thus far been directed 
chiefly against the northern states. They now formed the 
plan of invading the southern states, and that quarter be- 
came the principal theatre of their offensive operations. 
In November, Sir Henry Clinton sent a squadron with 
about two thousand men to Georgia. After an engage- 
ment, in which the British were victorious, Savannah, 
the capital, and with it, the state of Georgia itsell', fell into 
the hands of the enemy. 

Sec. IV. 1779. In the campaign of the pre- 
sent year, nothing decisive was effected. The 
British attempted no enterprise of any import- 
ance, and appear to have aimed at httle more, 
than to plunder and devastate the unprotected 
sections of the country. In these predatory 
incursions, many acts of cruelty were committed 
upon the inhabitants, and an immense amount 
of public and private property destroyed. 
While the enemy were committing these depre- 
dations, the main body of the American army 

Of the affair at Tappan ? — TVfiat plan was now formed by the 

British ? 
IV. What is said of the campaign of '79 ? 
13 



14C HISTORY OF NEW YORK, 

was concentrated near West Pointj for the pro- 
tection of that important fortress. 

In May, a naval and land force, commanded by Sir 
George Collier and Gen. Matthews, made a descent upon 
Virginia, and made extensive depredations in the vicinity 
of Norfolk. A similar force was sent under Gov. Tryon 
to ravage the sea-board of Connecticut. New Haven 
was plundered ; East Haven, Fairfield, Norwalk and 
Green Farms were wantonly destroyed. At New Haven, 
an aged citizen, who labored under a natural inability 
to speak, had his tongue cut out by one of the royal army. 
Women were insulted, abused, and threatened, while their 
apparel was taken from them. Even an infant was rob- 
bed of its clothing, while a bayonet was pointed at the 
breast of its mother. 

Sec. v. In the spring of the present year, 
the Americans had commenced the construc- 
tion of strong works at Verplank's Neck, and 
Stoney Point, situated on nearly opposite 
points of land, the first on the east, the other 
on the west side of the Hudson. These posi- 
tions being of great importance to the Ameri- 
cans, in keeping open an easy communication 
between the northern and southern states, Gen. 
Chnton resolved upon their seizure, which he 
successfully executed on the oOth of May. 

Commodore Collier conducted the squadron that as- 
cended the river, Gen. Vaughan the column of the right, 
which landed on the eastern bank, a little below Ver- 
plank's, and Clinton, in person, the column of the left, 
which he disembarked on the western bank below Sloney 
Point. The Americans finding the enemy so near, and 
not being prepared to receive him, evacuated Stoney 
Point, where they were soon replaced by the royal troops. 

At Verplank's the Americans resolved to resist, and 

Give some account of the depredations of the British. 
V. What enterprise of the British in May ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 147 

had erected on this point a small, but strong and complete 
work, Fort la Fayette, which was defended by artillery 
and a small garrison. It was, however, unfortunately com- 
manded by the heights of Stoney Point, upon which 
the English, by their exertions during the night, had 
planted a battery of heavy cannon, and another of mortars. 
Early on the following morning, they opened a tempest 
of fire upon Fort la Fayette. The attack was supported 
in front by Commodore Collier, who advanced with his 
galleys and gun boats within reach of the fort; and Gen. 
Vaughan, having made a circuit through the hills, at 
length arrived, and closely invested it on the land side. 
The garrison seeing all possibility of relief now cut off, 
and their fire totally overwhelmed and lost in the magni- 
tude of that, which they received, surrendered at discre- 
tion on the following morning. Gen. Clinton gave direc- 
tions for completing the works at Stoney Point, and, to 
cover these operations, encamped his army at Piiilipsburgh, 
about halfway between Verplank's and New York.* 

Sec. VI. When it was ascertained, that the 
British had put the posts at Verplank's and Sto- 
ney Point in the highest state of defence, Gen. 
Washington formed the design of recovering 
them from the possession of the enemy. Sto- 
ney Point, now plentifully supplied with all the 
munitions of war, and garrisoned by about six 
hundred men, was carried by direct assault, on 
the 16th of July. The reduction of this for- 
tress was one of the most bold and daring en- 
terprises, which occurred during the war. 

Gen. Washington resolved to attempt the surprise of 

* Botta. 



Give some account of it. JVIiat directions did Sir Henry 

Clinton give ? 

VI. What plan was formed by Gen. Wasliin2:ton ? — — What was the 

onuition of Stoney Point at this time ? -When, and in what man- 

. r was it taken? 



148 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Stoney Point by attacking the works on the right and left 
flanks at the same instant, and entrusted the execution of 
this plan to Gen. Wayne. The troops destined for this 
enterprise were assembled on the 15th at Sandy Beach, 
fourteen miles from Stoney Point. They moved oiT at 
noon, and having accomplished their march over high 
mountains, through deep morasses, difficult defiles, and 
roads extremely bad and narrow, arrived about eight 
o'clock in the evening, within a mile of the enemy. 

Gen. Wayne then halted to reconnoitre the works, and 
observe the state of the garrison. The English, hov/ever, 
did not perceive him. He formed his corps in two 
columns, and put himself at the head of the right. It 
was preceded by a vanguard of an hundred and fifty pick- 
ed men, commanded by a brave and adventurous French- 
man, Lieut. Col. Fleury, This vanguard was guided by 
a forlorn hope of about twenty, led by Lieut. Gibbon. 
The column on the left, conducted by Maj. Stewart, had 
a similar vanguard, also preceded by a forlorn hope under 
Lieut. Knox. These forlorn hopes, among other offices, 
were particularly intended to remove the abattis and other 
obstructions, which lay in the way of the succeeding 
troops. Gen. AVayne directed both columns to march in 
order and silence, with unloaded muskets and fixed 
bayonets. 

At midnight, they arrived under the walls of the fort. 
The two columns attacked upon the flanks, while Maj. 
Murfee engaged the attention of the garrison by a feint 
in front. An unexpected obstacle presented itself; the 
deep morass which covered the works, was at this time 
overflowed by the tide. The English opened a most tre- 
mendous fire of musketry, and of cannon loaded with 
grape-shot, but neither the inundated morass, nor a double 
palisade, nor the bastioned ramparts, nor the storm of 
fire that was poured from them, could arrest the impetu- 
osity of the Americans ; they opened their way with the 
bayonet, prostrated whatever opposed them, scaled the 
fort, and the two columns met in the centre of the works. 

Gen. Wayne received a contusion in the head, by a 



Give a more particular account of these operations. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 149 

musket ball as he passed the last abattis. Col. Fleury 
struck with his own hand the royal standard that waved 
upon the walls. Of the forlorn Jiope of Gibbon, seven- 
teen out of twenty perished in the attack. The English 
lost upwards of six hundred men in killed and prisoners. 
The Americans abstained from pillage and all disorder ; 
a conduct the more worthy to be commended, as they had 
still fresh in mind the ravages and butcheries, which the 
enemy had so recently committed in Connecticut and 
Virginia. Hunianity imparted new effulgence to the vic- 
tory, which valor had obtained.'^ 

The enterprise against Verplank's was entrusted to Gen. 
Howe, and miscarried for the want of artillery, and im- 
plements for the construction of bridges, by which only 
the place was approachable. Intelligence was in the^ean 
time received of the approach of a large body of the ene- 
my, and the Americans not deeming it safe to hazard a 
battle, after bringing off the artillery and stores of the 
fort at Stoney Point, withthe garrison, dismantled the for- 
tifications, and retired. 

Sec. VII. The Americans were emboldened 
by the success of the enterprise against Stoney 
Point, and continued frequently to harass the 
outposts of the royal army. Maj. Lee, on the 
19th of July, completely surprised the British 
garrison at Powle's Hook. He attacked the 
place with a detachment of about three hun- 
dred, and, with the loss of only two men, 
brought off one hundred and fiftynine prisoners. 

Sec. VIII. in August, Gen. Sullivan con- 
ducted an expedition against the Indians of the 
Six Nations, who, with the exception of the 

* Botta. 

H'liat is said of the enterjirise against VerplanWs 7 What in- 
telligence wa'i received? What measures were taken in conse- 
quence of this 7 

VII. What enterprise was soon after undertaken? 

viii. What expedition in Aiit^ust? 

13 



150 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Oneidas and a few others, had taken part with 
the enemy. The enterprise was successful, 
and their country laid waste. 

Other expeditions were during the present 
year conducted against the Indians. Col. Van 
Shaick marched from Fort Schuyler in April, 
with fiftyfive men, and burned the whole Onon- 
daga settlement, consisting of about fifty 
houses, without the loss of a single man ; a 
considerable number of the Indians were killed 
and taken prisoners. 

The Indians of the Six Nations had been induced by 
the presents and promises of Sir John Johnson, with tlie 
desire of plunder, to invade the frontiers ; and wherever 
they went, they carried slaughter and devastation. To 
put a stop to these incursions, Congress directed Gen. 
Sullivan with a strong detachment to proceed against 
them. 

The Indians, on hearing of the projected expedition, 
took possession of an elevated ground, and fortified it with 
judgment. Gen. Sullivan commenced a cannonade against 
them in their works, which they sustained for more than 
two hours. They at length gave way, and, when their 
trenches were forced, fled with precipitation. The vic- 
torious army penetrated into the very heart of their coun- 
try, and laid it desolate. Their villages, with their de- 
tached habitations, their cornfields, fruit trees, and gardens, 
were indiscriminately destroyed.* 

Different parts of the state suffered severely from the 
depredations of detached parties of Indians. In July, a 
party of Indians, with some white men under Brandt, 
burned the Minisink settlement, and made several prison- 
ers. In August, the Indians v/ith their tory associates 

* Holmes' Annals. 



What other is mentioned ? 

Give some account of Sullivan'' s expedition. 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 151 

destroyed the settlements at Canajohary, and burned a 
number of houses at Schoharie, and Norman's Creek. 

In October, these irruptions were renewed. Stone 
Arabia, and several other places were attacked, and Scho- 
harie afresh. A great extent of country about the Mo- 
hawk was laid waste, and many of the settlers were killed, 
or made prisoners. 

Much public, as well as private embarrassment, was at 
this period experienced from the depreciation of the bills 
of credit. Congress had emitted these bills to an im- 
mense amount, which was not a little increased by the 
enemy, who counterfeited the bills, and circulated their 
forgeries among the states. This depreciation continued 
to increase, until the bills of credit, or the " continental 
currency," as it was called, became of little or no value. 

Sec. IX. 1780. The British continued to oc- 
cupy their posts in the city of New York, and 
its vicinity ; but no important enterprises were 
effected in this quarter. During the present and 
the succeeding year, the operations of the war 
were conducted chiefly in the southern states, 
and were attended with various success. 

Towards the close of the campaign of '79, Sir Henry 
Clinton embarked with a force of above seven thousand 
men for the reduction of Charleston in South Carolina, 
which fell into the hands of the enemy on the 12th of May, 
1780. Gen. Gates was soon after appointed to command 
the southern division of the American army, and on the 
] 6th of August came in contact with the British under 
Lord Cornwallis at Camden ; a sanguinary conflict ensued^ 
in \vhich the British were victorious. 

A detachment of the enemy, consisting of five thousand 
men from the northern division, under Gen. Kniphausen, 
made an incursion into New Jersey in June, plundered 

Of the depredations of the Indians? What is said of the bills 

of credit ? 

IX. What is said of the campai2;ii of 1780 ? 

Mlmt operations at the south ?^ Give some account of iht 

depredations of the royal army. \ 



152 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

the country, and wantonly burned several villages. The 
spirits of the Americans in the midst of these misfortunes 
were revived by the arrival of M. de Ternay from France, 
early in July, with a squadron of seven sail of the line, 
five frigates, and five smaller armed vessels, with several 
transports, and a reinforcement of six thousand men, all 
under the command of Lieut. Gen. Count de Rocham- 
beau. 

Sec. X. A remarkable instance of treach- 
ery occurred the present year in the northern 
division of the American army. Gen. Arnold, 
having solicited, and obtained the command of 
West Point, entered into negotiations with Sir 
Henry Chnton to deliver that important fortress 
into the -hands of the enemy. The plot was 
however, fortunately discovered seasonably to 
prevent its execution. Arnold escaped to the 
enemy, and Andre, the agent of the British, 
was taken, condemned, and executed, as a 
spy. 

To facilitate the correspondence, a vessel, the Vulture, 
proceeded up the Hudson, and took a station as near West 
Point, as practicable, without exciting suspicion. On the 
night of September the 21st, Andre went on shore in a 
boat, which was sent for him, and met Arnold at the 
beach. They remained here, until it was too late for 
Andre to return to the Vulture, when Arnold conducted 
him within the American lines for concealment. During 
the ensuing day, the Vulture found it necessary to change 
her position, and Andre, being unable to get on board, 
attempted to return to New York, in disguise, by land. 

Receiving a passport from Arnold, under the name of 
Anderson, he passed the guards and outposts, without sus- 
picion. At Tarrytown, thirty miles from New York, he 
was met by three militia soldiers, — John Paulding, David 



What fleet arrived ? 

\. What occurred at West Point ? What prevented the execu- 
tion of the plot? 



J 



KEVOLUTIONARY WAR. 153 

Williams, and Isaac Van Wert. Showing his passport, he 
was suffered to proceed. Immediately after this, one of 
these men thinking, that he observed something singular in 
the appearance of the traveller, called him back. Andre 
asked them where they were from. " From down below," 
they replied, intending to say, from New York. Too 
frank to suspect a snare, Andre immediately answered, 
" and so am I." 

Andre was immediately arrested, when he declared 
himself a British officer, and offered them his watch and 
a sum of gold to be released. The soldiers, though poor 
and obscure, were not to be bribed. They rejected his 
offers, and conducted him to their commanding officer, 
Lieut. Col. Jameson. 

A board of officers was summoned to decide upon his 
condition and punishment, and during his trial, every in- 
dulgence was granted, of which his case would admit. 
The board unanimously pronounced him a spy, and de- 
clared, that according to the laws of nations, he ought to 
suffer death. Every possible effort was made in his favor, 
but the interests of the country imperiously demanded, 
that the decision of the board should be executed. When 
apprised of the sentence of death, Maj. Andre addressed 
a letter to Gen. Washington with a request, that he might 
receive "the death of a soldier." 

'^ Buoyed above the terror of death," said he, " by the 
consciousness of a life devoted to honorable pursuits,, 
and stained with no action that can give me remorse, I 
trust that the request that I make to your excellency at 
this serious period, and which is to soften my last mo- 
ments, will not be rejected. Sympathy towards a soldier 
will surely induce your excellency, and a military friend^, 
to adapt the mode of my death to the feelings of a man 
of honor. Let me hope, sir, that if aught in my charac- 
ter impresses you with esteem towards me, as the victim 
of policy and resentment, I sliall experience the operation 
of those feelings in your breast by being informed that I 
am not to die on a gibbet." 

Gen. Washington held a consultation with his officers 

Give some account of the capture and fate of Andre ? 



154 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

on the propriety of Maj. Andre's request to be shot ; but 
it was deemed necessary to deny it, and, on the 2d of 
October, this gallant, but unfortunate young man, expired 
on the gallows, universally lamented, both by friends and 
foes. 

Congress voted to Paulding, Williams, and Van Wert, 
as a reward for their virtuous and patriotic conduct, to 
each an annuity of two hundred dollars, and a silver 
medal, on one side of which was a shield with the inscrip- 
tion, " fidelity," on the other, the motto, ^^ vincit a?nur 
patricp," — the love of country conquers. Maj. Andre had 
been injudiciously permitted by Jameson to write to 
Arnold, who took refuge on board the Vulture, and escaped 
to New York, where he received the commission of brig- 
adier general, and the sum of ten thousand pounds ster- 
ling, as the price of his dishonor. 

Soon after Arnold entered the service of the enemy, he 
took the command of an enterprise against Virginia, and 
signified his zeal in the cause he had espoused by com- 
mitting depredations against the inhabitants of that state. 

Sec. XI. When it was ascertained, that 
Arnold had taken refuge with the enemy at 
New York, Gen. Washington made exertions 
to take him, and bring him to the reward of 
his treachery. The design was, however, frus- 
trated by the embarkation of Arnold for Vir- 
ginia. 

§ "Having matured the plan, Washington sent to Maj. Lee to repair 
to head quarters, at Tappan, on the Hudson, ' I have sent for you,' 
said Gen. Washington, ' in the expectation that you have some one 
in your corps, who is willing to undertake a delicate and hazardous 
project. Whoever comes forward will confer great obligations upon 
me personally, and, in behalf of the United States, I will reward hin: 
amply. No time is to be lost; he must proceed, if possible, tonight. 
I intend to seize Arnold, and save Andre.' 

" Maj. Lee named a sergeant-major of his corps, by the name of 

What reward loas voted by Congress? -^Whai course icas 

taken by Arnold ? 

What enterprise was conducted by Arnold ? 

For what did Gen. Vv'ashington rnaVe exertion? ?— -What frustra^. 
ted this design ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 155 

Champc — a native of Virginia, a man full of bone and muscle — with 
a countenance grave, thoughtful, and taciturn — of tried courage^ and 
inflexible perseverance. 

" Champe was sent for by Maj. Lee, and the plan proposed. This 
was for him to desert — to escape to New York — to appear friendly to 
the enemy — to watch Arnold, and, upon some fit opportunity, with 
the assistance of some one whom Champe could trust, to seize him, 
and conduct him to a place on the river, appointed, where boats 
should be in readiness to bear them av>-ay. 

" Champe hstened to the plan attentively — but, with the spirit of a 
man of honor and integrity, replied — ' that it was not danger nor 
ditficulty, that deterred him from immediately accepting the proposal^ 
but the ignominy of deseition, and the hypocrisy of enlisting with 
the enemy ! ' 

" To these objections, Lee replied, that although he would appear 
to desert, yet as he obeyed the call of his commander in chief, his de- 
parture could not be considered as criminal, and that, if he suffered 
in reputation, for a time, the matter would one day be explained to 
his credit. As to the second objection, it was urged, that to bring 
such a man as Arnold to justice — loaded with guilt as he was — and 
to save Andre — so yxtung — so accomplished — so beloved— to achi|j.ve 
so much good in the cause of his country — was more than sufficient 
to balance a wrong, existing only in appearance. 

" The objections of Champe were at length surmounted, and he ac- 
cepted the service. It was nov/ eleven o'clock at night. With his 
instructions in his pocket, the sergeant returned to camp, and, taking 
his cloak, valice, and orderly book, drew his horse from the picket 
and mounted, putting hiraselt ui)on fortune. 

*' Scarcely had half an hour elapsed, before Capt. Carnes, the officer 
of the day, waited upon Lee, who was vainly attempting to rest, and 
informed him, that one of the patrol had fallen in with a dragoon, 
who, being challenged, put spurs to his horse and escaped. Lee, 
hoping to conceal the flight of Champe, or at least to delay pursuit, 
compJained of fatigue, and told the captain that the patrol had pro- 
bably mistaken a countryman for a dragoon. ~ Carnes, however, was 
not thus to be quieted ; and he withdrew to assemble his corps. - On 
examination, it was found that Champe was absent. The Captain 
now returned, and acquainted Lee with the discovery, adding that he 
had detached a party to pursue the deserter, and begged the major's 
written orders. 

" After making as much delay as practicable, without exciting sus- 
picion, Lee delivers his orders — in which he directed the party to 
take Champe if possible. "Bring him alive," said he, "that he 
may suffer in the presence of the army ; but kill him if he resists, 
or if he escapes after being taken." 

"A shower of rain fell soon after Champe's departure, which enabled 
the pursuing dragoons to take the trail of his horse, his shoes, in 
common with those of the horses of the army, being made in a pecu- 
liar form, and each having a private mark, which was to be seen in 
the path. 

" Middleton, the leader of the pursuing party, left the camp a few- 
minutes past twelve, so that Champe had the start of but little more 



156 HISTORY OF NEW YORK.* 

than an hour — a period by far shorter than had been contemplated^ 
During the night, the dragoons were often delayed in the necessary 
halts to examine the road ; but, on the coming of morning, the ira- 
pression of the horse's shoes was so apparent, that they pressed ou 
with rapidity. Some miles above Bergen, a village three miles 
north of New York, on the opposite side of the Hudson, on as- 
cending a hill, Champe was descried, not more than half a mile dis- 
tant. Fortunately, Champe descried his pursuers at the same mo- 
ment, and, conjecturing their object, put spurs to his horse, with the 
hope of escape. 

" By taking a different road, Champe was, for a time, lost sight of— 
but, on approaching the river, he was again descried. Aware of his 
danger,- he now lashed his vaUce, containing his clothes and orderly 
book, to his shoulders, and prepared himself to plunge into the river, 
if necessary. Swift was his flight, and swift the pursuit. Middleton 
and his party were within a few hundred yards, when Champe threw 
himself from his horse and plunged into the river, calling aloud upon 
some British galleys, at no great distance, for help. A boat was in- 
stantly despatched to the Serjeant's assistance, and a lire commenced 
upon the pursuers. Champe was taken on board, and soon after 
carried to New York, with a letter from the captain of the galley, stat- 
ing the past scene, all of which he had witnessed. 

" The pursuers having recovered the sergeant's horse and cloak, re- 
turned to camp, where they arrived about three o'clock the next day. 
On their appearance with the well known horse, the soldiers made 
the air resound with the acclamations that the scoundrel was killed. 
The agony of Lee, for a moment, was past descri-ption, lest the faith- 
ful, honorable, intrepid Champe had fallen. But the truth soon re- 
lieved his fears, and he repaired to Washington to impart to him the 
success, thus far, of his plan. 

" Soon after the arrival of Champe in New York, he was sent to Sir 
Henry Clinton, who treated him kindly, but detained him more than 
an hour in asking him questions, to answer some of which, without ' 
exciting suspicion, required ail the art the sergeant was master of. 
He succeeded, however, and Sir Henry gave him a couple of guineas, 
and recommended him to Arnold, who was wishing to procure 
American recruits. Arnold received him kindly, and proposed to him 
to join his legion ; Champe, however, expressed his wish to retire 
from war ; but assured the general, that if he should change his mind, 
he would enlist. 

'' Champe found means to communicate to Lee an account of his ad- 
ventures ; but, unfortunately, he could not succeed in taking Arnold, 
as was wished, before the execution of Andre. Ten days before 
Champe brought his project to a conclusion, Lee received from him 
his final communication, appointing the third subsequent night for a 
party of dragoons to meet him at Hoboken, opposite New York, 
when he hoped to deliver Arnold to the officers. 

" Champe had enlisted into Arnold's legion, from which time he had 
every opportunity, he could wish, to attend to the habits of the 
general. He discovered that it was his custom to return home 
about twelve every night, and that, previously to going to bed, he 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 157 

.ways visiieil the garden. During this visit, tke conspirators were 
r.o seize him, and, being prepared with a gag they were. to apply the 
same instantly. 

" Adjoining the house in which Arnold lesidecl, and in which it was 
■designed to seize and gag him, Champe had taken off several oi the 
palings and replaced thein, so that with ease, and without noise, he 
could readily open his way to the adjoining alley. Into this alley he 
Intended to convey his prisoner, aided by his companion, one of two 
associates, who had been introduced by the friend, to whom Champe 
had been originally^ made known by letter from the commander in 
chief, and with whose aid and counsel, he had so far conducted the 
enterprise. His other associate was, with the boat, prepared at one 
of the wharves on the Hudson river, to receive the party. 

'• Champe and his friend intended to place themselves eac'n under 
Arnold's shoulder, and thus to bearhini through the most unfrequent- 
ed alleys and streets to the boat, representing Arnold, in case of being 
questioned, as a drunken soldier, whom they were conveying to the 
gus^rd-house. 

" When arrived at theboat, the difficulties would be all surmounted, 
there being no danger nor obstacle in passing to the Jersey shore. 
These pariiculars, as soon as made known to Lee, were communi- 
cated to the commander in chief, who was highly gratified with the 
much desired intelligence. He desired Major Lee to meet Cham.pe, 
and to take care that Arnold should not be hurt. 

" The day arrived, and Lee, with a party of accoutred horses, (one 
for Arnold, one for the sergeant, and the third for his associate, who 
was to assist in securing Arnold,) left the camp, never doubting the 
success of the enterprise, from the tenor of the last received communi- 
cation. The party reached Hoboken about midnight, where they 
were concealed in the adjoining wood — Lee, with three dragoons, 
stationing himself near the shore of the river. — Hour after hour pass- 
ed, but no boat approached. 

" At length the day broke, and the major retired to his party, and, 
v/ith his led horses, returned to the camp, where he proceeded to 
head quarters to inform the general of the much lamented disappoint- 
ment, as mortifying, as inexplicable. Washington, having perused 
Champe's plan and communication, had indulged the presumption, 
that, at length, the object of his keen and constant pursuit was sure 
of execution, and did not dissemble the joy which such a conviction 
produced. He was chagrined at the issue, and apprehended that his 
faithful sergeant must have been detected in the last scene of his 
tedious and dithcult enterprise. 

" In a few days, Lee received an anonymous letter from Champe's 
patron and friend, informing him, that on the day preceding the night 
fixed for the execution of the plot, Arnold had removed his quarters 
to another part of the town, to superintend the embarkation of troops, 
preparing, as was rumored, for an expedition to be directed by him- 
self; and that the American legion, consisting chiefly of American 
deserters, had been transferred from their barracks to one of the 
transports, it being apprehended that if left on shore, until the expe- 
dition was ready, many of them might desert. 

" Thus it happened that John Champe, instead of crossing the Hu J- 
14 



158 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

son that night, was safely deposited on board one of the fleet Oi" trans- 
ports, from whence he never departed, until the troops under Arnold 
landed in Virginia. Nor was he able to escape liom the British army, 
until after the junction of Lord Cornwallis at Petersburg, when he 
deserted ; and, proceeding high up into Virginia, he passed into North 
Carolina, near the Saura towns, and, keeping in the friendly districts 
of that state, safely joined the army soon after it had passed the Con- 
garee, in pursuit of Lord Rawdon. 

" His appearance excited extreme surprise among his former com- 
rades, which was not a little increased, when they saw the cordial 
reception he met with from the late major, now Lieutenant Col. Lee. 
His whole story was soon known to the corps, which reproduced the 
Jove and respect of officers and soldiers, heretofore invariably enter- 
tained for the sergeant, heightened by universal admiration of his 
late daring and arduous attempt. 

" Champe was introduced to Gen. Greene, who very cheerfully 
complied with the promise made by the commander in chief, so far as 
in his power ; and, having provided the sergeant with a good horse and 
money for his journey, sent him to Gen. Washington, who munificent- 
ly anticipated every desire of the serjeant, and presented him with a 
discharge from further service, lest he might, in the vicissitudes of 
war, fall into the hands of the enemy, when, if recognized, he was 
sure to die on a gibbet. 

" We shall only add, respecting the after life of this interesting ad- 
venturer, that when Gen. Washington was called by President Adam«, 
in 1T98, to the command of the army, prepared to defend the country, 
against French hostility, he sent to Lieut. Col. Lee, to inquire for 
Champe ; being determined to bring him into the tield at the head of 
a company of infantry. Lee sent to Loudon county, Virginia, where 
Champe settled after his discharge from the army ; when he learned 
that the gallant soldier had removed to Kentucky, where he soon 
after died."* 

Sec. XII. 1781. The southern states still 
continued to be the principal theatre of military 
operations. The present campaign in that 
department was distinguished by several im- 
portant enterprises. 

A detachment of the enemy under Col. Tarleton, came 
ill contact with the Americans under Gen. Morgan, on the 
17th of January, when was fought the spirited battle of the 
Cowpens, in which the Americans obtained a decided tri- 
umph. The British lost in killed, wounded, and taken 

* Lee's Memoirs. 



XII. What is said of the operations in 17S1 ? 
Give some account of them? 



/ 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 159 

prisoners, above six hundred ; the loss of the Americans 
amounted to only twelve killed, and sixty wounded. At 
the battle of Guilford, March 8th, victory decided in favor 
of the British. On the 25th of April, the Americans, un- 
der Gen. Greene, attacked the enemy under Lord Rawdon, 
at Camden ; but after an obstinate engagement, were com- 
pelled to retire. Although victory decided in favor of the 
British, the result was, on the whole, favorable to the 
American cause. Gen. Lee, in the mean time, took pos- 
session of an important post, near the confluence of the 
Congaree and Santee rivers; and Lord Rawdon, soon af- 
ter, evacuated Camden and the whole line of British posts, 
with the exception of Charleston and Ninety Six. 

Gen. Greene, the latter part of May, made an unsuc- 
cessful assault upon Ninety Six. The enemy, however, 
soon after abandoned this post, and encamped at the Eutaw 
Springs. Here, on the 8th of September, the Americans 
advanced upon them, and a battle ensued, which was sus- 
tained with great bravery on both sides. After this bat- 
tle, in which the loss of the British was double that of the 
Americans, the enemy retired to Charleston. 

Early in the present season, a plan was formed for lay- 
ing siege to New York, in concert with a French fleet ex- 
pected on the coast in August. The American troops 
were accordingly concentrated at Kingsbridge, and all 
things prepared for a vigorous siege. In the midst of these 
preparations. Gen. Washington received information, that 
the expected fleet, under Count de Grasse, would arrive 
in the Chesapeake, and that this, instead of New York, 
was the place of its destination. Disappointed in not 
having the cooperation of this force, Washington now 
changed his plan of operations, and directed his attention 
to the movements of the enemy in Virginia. 

After the battle of Guilford, Cornwallis, leaving Soutli 
Carolina in charge of Lord Rawdon, marched into Vir- 
ginia. The Marquis de la Fayette, with three thousand 
men, hastened to oppose him ; but the British receiving; 
a reinforcement, it was not deemed prudent to risk an en- 

Wh at plan was formed early the present season, and what pre- 
I'ented its execution ? What is said of the operations in Virginia 7 



160 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

gagement. After several ineffectual attempts to compel 
the Marquis to a battle, Cornvvallis retired to Yorktown^ 
near the mouth of York river, where he encamped, and 
erected fortifications. 

The fleet under Count de Grass6 having previously ar- 
rived, it was resolved to make an attempt upon Cornvvallis ;' 
and the combined armies advanced upon Yorktown the 
last of September. Count de Grasse, with the fleet, sailed 
up the mouth of York river, to cut off from the enemy all 
communication of succor or retreat. 

Sec. XIII. All preparations having been duly 
made, Yorktown was regularly invested on the 
Gth of October. The siege w^as sustained with 
the most determined resolution, and, on the 
19th, the place was compelled to surrender 
with above seven thousand prisoners of war. 
The capture of Cornwallis decided the triumph 
of the American cause. After this event, no 
farther enterprises of any importance were at- 
tempted, and a few skirmishes alone indicated 
the continuance of the war. 

During the siege of Yorktown, Gen. Arnold conducted 
an enterprise against New London, in his native state. 
This expedition was undertaken with the view of effecting 
a diversion in favor of Cornwallis ; and was signalized by 
the greatest atrocities. Forts Trumbull and Griswold, 
below New London, on the Thames, were taken, and the 
greater part of that town laid in ashes. 

Sec. XIV. The British government now be- 
gan to abandon all hope of conquering Ameri- 
ca, and frequent motions w^ere made in the 
British parliament for putting an end to the 
war. 

XIII. What place was invested by the Americans in October ? 

Wliat is said of the siege and surrender? Of the capture of Corn- 
wallis? 

What enterprise vjas undertalien during the siege of Yorktovjriy 
and for ivhat jmrpose ? JOy ivhat was it signalized ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. 161 

The provisional articles of peace, between 
the two countries, were signed by their respec- 
tive commissioners, at Paris, on the 30th of 
November, 1782. On the 19th of April, 1783, 
a formal proclamation of the cessation of hos- 
tilities was made throughout the army; and 
the definitive treaty, acknowledging the colo- 
nies to be Free and Independent States, was 
signed on the 30th of September. The British 
evacuated New York on the 25th of November, 
and the Americans took possession the same 

day. 

The independence of the United States had been pre- 
viously acknowledged by most of the European govern- 
ments. It was acknowledged by Holland in 1782 ; by 
Sweden in February, 1783; by Denmark in the same 
month ; by Spain in March, and by Russia in July. 

In October, Congress issued a proclamation for disband- 
ing the armies of the United States, and giving them the 
thanks of their country " for their long, eminent and faith- 
ful services." On the 2d of October, Gen. Washington 
issued his farev/ell orders to the army, which were replete 
with salutary advice respecting their future conduct, an^l 
with affectionate wishes for their present and future happi- 
ness. His closing words were, 

" And being now about to conclude these my last pub- 
lic orders, to take my ultimate leave, in a short time, of 
the military character, and to bid a final adieu to the 
armies, I have so long had the honor to command, I can 
only again offer in your behalf, my recommendations to 



XIV. When, and in what place were the provisional articles of peace 

sisned ? When was the cessation of hostilities proclaimed ? 

What treaty was sip^ned, and at what time ? V/hen did the British 

evacuate Nev*' York ? 

El/ ichom waR the indcpe.Jidence of the United States jveviousli/ 

acknoivledged ? TJ'Tiat prcdamatton ivas made by Congress in 

October? When did Washington issue hisfareivell orders? 

JVl-iat can you say'ofthem ? 

14-^ 



162 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

your grateful country, and my prayers to the God of 
armies. May ample justice be done you here, and may 
the choicest of heaven's favors, bath here and hereafter, 
attend those, who, under the divine auspices, have secured 
innumerable blessings for others. With these wishes, and 
this benediction, your commander in chief is about to re- 
tire from service. The curtain of separation will soon be 
drawn, and the military scene (o him will be closed for 
ever." 

To prevent every disorder, which might otherwise en- 
sue, on the day appointed for the evacuation of New 
York, the American troops under the command of Gen. 
Knox marched from Ilaerlem to the Bowery lane in the 
morning. At one o'clock the British troops retired from 
the posts in the Bowery, and the Americans marched for- 
ward and took possession of the city. 

When this was effected, Gen. Knox and a number .of 
citizens on horseback rode to the Bowery to receive their 
excellencies, Gen. Wasliington and Gov. Clinton, who, 
with their suites, made their public entry into the city ; fol- 
lowed by the lieutenant governor, and the membei s of the 
council, which had been appointed for the temporary 
government of the southern district, Gen. Knox, and 
the officers of the army, — citizens on horseback — the 
speaker of the assembly, and citizens on foot.' The gover- 
nor gave a public dinner, at which the commander in 
cliief, and other general officers were present. The ar- 
rangements were so well made and executed, that the 
most admirable tranquillity succeeded through the day and 
night. On Monday the governor gave an elegant enter- 
tainment to the French ambassador, Chevalier de la h\i- 
zerne. Gen. Washington, and the principal officers of the 
army and state of New York were present. On the 
evening of Tuesday, magnificent fireworks were exhibited 
at the Bowling-green in celebtation of the definitive treaty 
of peace. They were commenced, by a dove descending 
with the olive hrnnch, and setting fire to a marron battery. 

A few days after, the principal officers of the army as- 



mat arrangements icere made, ichen the British evacuate'l 
CVtw York ? 



REVOLUTIONARY WAR. lO^ 

sembled to take leave of their commander in chief. When 
about to bid them adieu, the General calling for a glass of 
v/ine, thus addressed them. — *' With a heart full of love 
and gratitude, I now take leave of you ; I most devoutly 
wish, that your latter days may be as prosperous and hap- 
py, as your former ones have been glorious and honor- 
able." " The officers then approached him in succession, 
and he aiTectionately bade adieu to each. They followed 
in silent procession to the barge, which was to bear him 
across the Hudson'; on entering which, he waved his hat 
in mute adieu to the companions of his tofis and his glory. 
He proceeded amidst the demonstrations of affection and 
respect, of gratitude and joy, to Annapolis, where Congress 
was then sitting, and resigned the commission, which he 
had so long held under their authority." 

" Here the scene was so aifecting, that neither he, nor 
the president of Congress, were fully able to preserve their 
j)ovvers of utterance. After resigning his commission, he 
hastened to Mount Vernon ; to the bosom of his fa>mily, 
and the delisfhts of domestic life." 



CHAP. XIV. 
FHOM 1783 TO 1812, 

Condition of the country at the close of the loar. 
Organization of the General Government. 
Internal concerns of the State, Settlement of 
the Vermont controversy. Jgricultiire, Arts, 
Manufactures, and Commerce. Civil Policy. 
Attention of the Legislature directed to the 
subject of Internal Navigation. 

Sec. I. The Americans had, for eight years, 
been subjected to the miseries of a devastating 

JVhcd did Gen. Washington do soon cfter 7 



164 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

war, in tlieir attempts to break the yoke of 
foreign oppression, and to establish a free and 
independent government. They had been sus- 
tained, during this arduous contest, by high 
hopes of future prosperity, and had anticipated, 
in the attainment of this object, every other po- 
htical blessing, as its natural attendant. The 
object was accomplished, and • Thirteen Inde- 
pendent States arose from the British American 
Colonies. It now remained for them to test, 
by experience, the excellence and permanence 
of their new institutions. 

A short period was, however, sufficient to 
evince the weakness of the existing system, and 
its incompetence to subserve the great objects 
for which it was instituted. The authority of 
the federal government was found to be too 
limited to sustain, in a proper manner, the ex- 
ternal relations of the country, and wholly in- 
adequate to regulate and control the local and 
coniiicting interests of the separate states. 

At the termination of the war, the debts of the Union 
amounted to more than forty millions of dollars. Congress, 
though authorized by the articles of confederation to bor- 
row money and issue bills of credit, had not tiie ability to 
redeem those bills, or the powers requisite for raising a 
revenue. After an ineffectual attempt to obtain this power 
from the several states, even the interest of the public 
debt remained unpaid, and the public credit was in great 
measure destroyed. 



I. Whnt at tempts had been made by tbe Americans? What is 

said of their hor)e.? and anticipations ? How liad they succeeded 

in the attainment of this object.' Wiiat now remaiiicd for them .' 

Yv'hat is said of the exiz^ting system? Cf the authority of the 

federal p;overnrnont ? 

What is said of the debts of the Union ? Of the authority of 

Congress 7 Of the public credit 7 



FROM 178^ TO 1812. 165 

The restrictions imposed by Great Britain on the trade 
with the West Indies began seriously to affect the com- 
mercial interests of the United States. Congress had not 
the power to retaliate by passing similar acts against Great 
Britain, nor would the separate states, alwayPnrjealous of 
each other, concur in any measure to compel that govern- 
ment to relax. These embarrassments tended to hasten a 
radical change in the political system of the United States. 

Sec. II. In 1787,* commissioners from al! 
the States of the Union, excepting Rhode Is- 
land, assembled at Philadelphia, for the purpose 
of revising the federal system. The Federal 
Constitution was presented to Congress on 
the 17th of September, and soon after sent to 
the several states for their consideration. It 
vvas adopted by the convention of the state of 
New York, the following year, by a majority of 
ihirty to twentyfive votes. 

The convention for revising the constitution resolved^ 
that as soon as nine States should have ratified it, it should 
be carried into operation by Congress, After much oppo- 
sition, it was, 17S8, ratified by the conventions of eleven 
States. North Carolina and Rhode Island, at first, re- 
fused their assent, but afterwards acceded to it : the for-, 
mer, November, 1789 ; the latter. May, 1790. 

The following is a copy of the constitution ratified by the states, 
with the several amendments, which have been subsequently made. 
The insertion of this article requires no apology. — Its adoption forms 
a n)ost important era in our national history, and, probably at that 
period, was the only measure, which could have prevented the ulti- 
male dissolution, and consequent ruin of the whole confederacy. To 
this constitution we look, as the bulwark of private right, and of pub- 

*May 19 th. 

What affected the commercial interests of the country 7 Why 

did not Congress retaliate? What was the tendency of these 

emharrassments 7 

II. For what were conmiissioners appointed in 1787? What 

was the result : When was the Constitution adopted by New York } 

Jilud was resolved by the convention? When was it raiified 

by eleven states? 



1G6 HISTORY OF NEV/ YORK. 

lie prosperity ; and while it protects the peculiar pivileges of the 
separate states, it constitutes the strength and security of the whole. 
— It forms the charter of our liberties, and should be familiar to all. 

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more per- 
fect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for 
the common -defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the 
fclessings of liberty to o-.irselves and oar posterity, do ordain and es- 
tabiisli this Constitution for the United States of An^erica. 

ARTICLE I. 

SECTIOJV I. 

All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress 
of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of 
R,-piesentatives. 

SECTI0^* II. 

I. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
chosen every second year by the people of the several states, and 
the electors in each state shall have the qualiiications requisite for 
electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. 

II. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attain- 
ed the age of twentyfive years, and been seven years a citizen of 
the United States, and v>^ho shall not, when elected, be an inhabit- 
ant of that state in which he shall be chosen. 

III. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among 
the several states v.^hich may be included within this Union, accord- 
ing to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding 
to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to ser- 
vice for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made 
within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the 
United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in 
such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of represen- 
tatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state 
shall have at least one representative ; and, until such enumeration 
shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose 
three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 
one, Connecticut five. New York six. New Jersey four, Pennslyva- 
nia eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina 
five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 

IV. When vacancies happen in the representation from any state, 
the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill 
such vacancies. 

V. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker, and 
other ofucers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. 

SECTION III. 

I. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two sena- 
tors from each state, chosen by the legistature thereof, for six years ; 
and each senator shall have one vote. 

II. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of 
ihe fir?t election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 167 

three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall r-e 
vacated at the expiration of the second year, of the second class at 
the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class at the expi- 
ration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every se- 
cond year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, 
during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive 
thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting ol 
the legislature, which shall then til! such vacancies. 

III. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained the 
age of thirty years, and been nine yeaj-s a citizen of the United 
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that 
state for which he shall be chosen. 

IV. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of 
the Senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. 

V. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a Presi- 
dent pro tempore in the absence of the Vice President, or when he 
shall exercise the office of President of the United States. 

VI. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. 
When sitting for that purpose, ihey shall be on oath or affirmation. 
When the President of the United States is tried, the chief justice 
shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the concur- 
rence of two-thirds of the members present. 

VII. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further 
than to rer.ioval from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any 
office of honor, trust or profit under the United States ; but the 
party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, 
trial, judgment and punishment according to law. 

r=-ECT101S IV. 

I. The times, places and manner of holding elections for senators 
and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the legisla- 
ture thereof; but the Congi'css may at any time by law make or alter 
such regulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 

II. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and 
such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they 
shall by law appoint a different day. 

SECTIO.V v. 

I. Each house shall be the judge of the elections, returns and 
qualifications of its ovvn members, and a majority of each shall con- 
stitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn 
from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the a'-tendance of 
absent members, in such manner, and under such penalties as each 
house may provide. 

II. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punisli 
its members for disorderly behaviour, and, with the concurrence of 
two-thirds expel a member. 

III. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from 
time to time publish the same, ^pxccpiing such parts as may in their 
judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of 
either house on any question, shall, at the desire of onc-lifth of those 
present, be entered on the journal. 

IV. Neither house, during the sessson of Congress, shall, without 



16S HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

the consent of the other, adjourn for more three days, nor to any 
other place than that in which the two liouses shall be sitting. 

SECTION VI. 

I. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation 
for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the 
treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases except trea- 
son, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during 
their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in 
going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate 
in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 

II. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which 
he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority 
qf the United States, which shall have b.een created, or the emolu- 
ments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no 
person holding any office under the United States, shall be a mem- 
ber of either house during his continuance in office. 

SECTION" VII. 

I. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Re- 
presentatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amend- 
ments as on other bills. 

II. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Reprosenta- 
lives and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to 
the President of the United States ; if he approve, he shall sign it, 
but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in 
which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large 
on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such re- 
consideration, two-thirds of thfit house shall agree to pass the bill, 
it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by 
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two- 
thirds of that house it shall become a lav/. But in all such cases the 
votes of both houses shall be detornuned by yeas and nays, and the 
names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered 
on the journal of each hou.-;e respectively. If any bill shall not be 
returned by the President within ten days, (Sundays excepted) after 
it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like 
manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjourn- 
meiit, prevent its return, in which case it shall net be a law. 

III. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of 
the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except 
on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the President of 
the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- 
proved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by 
two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to 
the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 

SECTION VIII. 

The Congress shall have power 

I. To lay and collect taxes, dutifis, imposts and excises ; to pay 
the debts and provide for the common defence and general welfare 
of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be 
unifoiin throughout the United States. 

II. To borrow money on the credit of the United States. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 169 

III. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the 
several states, '^nd with the Indian tribes. 

IV. To establish a uniform rule of naturahzation, and uniform laws 
on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States. 

V. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, 
and fix the standard of weights and measures. 

VI. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities 
and current coin of the United States. 

VII. To establish post offices and post roads. 

VIII. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by secur- 
ing for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to 
their respective writings and discoveries. 

IX. To constitute tribunals inferior to the supreme court. 

X. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the 
high seas, and offences against the law of nations. 

XL To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make 
rulo3 concerning captures on land and water. 

XII. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money 
to that use shall be for a longer term than two years. 

XIII. To provide and maintain a navy, 

XIV. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land 
and naval forces. 

XV. To provide for calling forth th^ militia to execute the laws of 
the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions. 

XVI. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the mili- 
tia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the 
service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the 
appointment yf the officers, and the authority of training the miliiia, 
according to the discipline prescribed by Congress. 

XVIi. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cas«s whatsoever 
over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may by ces- 
sion of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become 
^the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like 
authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legiidature 
of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, 
magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings : — and 

XVIII. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper 
for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other port- 
ers vested by this constituiion in the govermcnt of the United 
States, or in any department or officer thereof. 

SECTION IX. 

I. The'migration or importation of such persons, as any of the staten 
now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by 
the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, 
but a tax or duly may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding 
tea dollars for each person. 

II. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be sus- 
pended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety 
may i-equire it. 

15 



170 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

III. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 

IV. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be lai(}, unless in pro- 
portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be 
taken. 

V. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. 
No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or re^'e- 
nue to the ports of one state over those of another ; nor shall ves- 
sels bound to or from one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay 
duties in another. 

VI. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in conse- 
quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and 
account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be 
published from time to time. 

Vil. No title of nobility shall be granted in the United States ; 
and no person, holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, 
without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, 
office, or title of any kind v/halever, from any king, prince or for- 
eign state. 

SECTION- X. 

I. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation ; 
grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of cre- 
dit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of 
debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing 
the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 

II. No state shall without the consent of Congress, lay any im- 
posts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely 
necessary for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of 
all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall 
be for the use of the treasury of the United States, and all such laws 
shall be subject to the reveision and control of Congress. No state 
shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, 
keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter into any agree- 
ment or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or en- 
gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as 
will not admit of delay. 

ARTICLE II. 

SECTION- I. 

I. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the Uni- 
ted States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of 
four years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the 
same terra, be elected as follows : 

II. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislatHre 
thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number 
of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled 
in the Congress ; but no Senator or Eepresentative, or person hold- 
an otSce of trust or protit under the United States, shall be appointed 
an elector. 

Hi. The electors shall nieet in their respective states, and vote by 

I 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 171 

ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not he an inhabit- 
ant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list 
of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each; 
wich list they shall slfrn and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the 
seat of government of the United Sta<^es, directed to the President of 
the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of 
the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, 
and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the great- 
est number of votes shall be the President, if such nundier be a ma- 
jority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be 
more than one who have such uuijorit}^ and have an equal number of 
votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose 
by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majori- 
ty, then from the five l-.ighest on the list, the said House shall in like 
manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the 
votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state 
having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- 
ber or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all 
the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the 
choice of the President, tlie person having the greatest number of 
votes of the electors shall be the Vice President. But if there 
should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall 
choose from them by ballot the Vice President. 

IV The Congress may determine the time of choosing the elec- 
tors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; wiiich day 
shall be the same throughout the United Slates. 

V. No person, except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the 
United States at the time of the adoplion of this constitution, shall be 
eligible to the office of Pi-esident, neither shall any person be eligible 
to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, 
and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. 

VI. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his 
death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of 
the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the 
Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resig- 
nation or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declar- 
ing what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act 
accordingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be 
elected. 

Vil. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his sevices a 
compensation, which shall neither be increased or diminished during 
the period, for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not re- 
ceive within that period any other emolument from the United States, 
or any of them. 

Vlil. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take 
the following oath or affirmation : 

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my 
ability, preserve, protect, and defend the constitution of the United 
States." 



172 HISTORY OF NEW lOKlt. 



SECTION" II. 

I. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and 
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, 
VFhen called into the actual service of the United States ; he may 
require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the 
executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of 
their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves 
and pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of 
impeachment. 

II. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of 
the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators pre- 
sent concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and w^ith the advice and 
consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public minis- 
ters and consuls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers 
of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise 
provided for and which shall be established by'law. But the Con- 
gress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as 
they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in 
the heads of departments. 

ill. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that 
may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commis- 
sions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. 

SECTION III. 

He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the 
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such mea- 
sures, as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extra- 
ordinary occasions, convene both houses, or either of them, and in 
case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of ad- 
journment, he may adjourn, them to such time as he shall think pro- 
per; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he 
shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- 
mission all the officers of the United States. 

SECTION IV. 

The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United 
States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and con- 
viction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE III. 

SECTION I. 

The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one su- 
preme court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from 
time to timeM)rdain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme 
and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and 
shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, 
which shall not be diminished during their continirance in office, 

SECTION II. 

I. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 173 

arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States and 
treaties made, or which shall be made, xrnder their authority ; to all 
cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls ; to 
all cases of aclmiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to 
which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between 
two or more states, between a state and citizens of another state, 
between citizens of different states, between citizens of the same 
state claiming lands uiuier grants of diiTerent states, and between a 
state, or the citizens thereof," and foreign states, citizens or subjects. 

IT. In all cases iiffecting ambassadors, other public ministers and 
consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the supreme 
court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases before men- 
tioned, the supreme court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to 
law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations as 
the Congress shall make. 

III. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall 
be by jury ; and such trials shall be held in the state where the said 
crime shall have been committed ; but when not committed within 
any state, the trial shall be at such place, or places as the Congress 
may by law have directexl. 

SECTION III. 

I. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying 
war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid 
and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the 
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in 
open court. 

II. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of 
treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, 

•or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted, 

ARTICLE IV. 

SECl ION I, 

Full faith and credit shall be, given in each state to the public acts, 
records and, judicial proceedings of every other state. And the 
Congress may by general laws prescribe the manner in whicii such 
acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 

SECTION- II. 

I. The citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges 
and immunities of citizens in the several states. 

II. A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other 
crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, 
shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which 
he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdic- 
tion of the crime. 

III. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the 
laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law 
or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but 
shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or 
labor may be due. 

15* 



174 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



SECTION- III. 

I. New states may be adnutted by tbe Congress into this Union, 
but no new slate shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of 
any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or 
more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures 
of the states concerned as well as of the Congress. 

il. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all 
needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other pro- 
perty belonging to the United States; and nothing in this constitu- 
tion shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United 
States or of any particular state. 

SECTION IV. 

The United States shall guarantee to every state in this union a 
republican form of government, and shall protect each of them 
against invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the ex- 
ecutive (when the legislature cannot be convened) against domestic 
violence. 

ARTICLE V. 

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it 
necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitution, or, on the 
application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, 
shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which in either 
case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this consti- 
tution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the sev- 
eral states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or 
tlie other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress : 
Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 
one thousaiid eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the 
first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and 
that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal 
suffrage in the Senate. 

ARTICLE yi. 

L All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the 
adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United 
States under this constitution, as under the confederation. 

IL Tills constitution and the lav/s of the United States which shall 
be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall 
be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the su- 
preme law of the land ; and the judges in every state shall be bound 
thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the con- 
trary notwithstanding. 

IIL The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 
meni'jcrs of the several state legislatures, and all executive and ju- 
dicial oificers, both of the United States and of the several states, 
shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution ; 
but no religious test shall ever be required, as a qualification to any 
office or pubfic trust under the United States. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 



175 



ARTICLE VII. 

The ratification of the conventions of nine states, shall be suffi- 
cient for the establishment of this constitution between the states so 
ratifying the same. 

Done m Convention by the unanimous consent of the states pre- 
sent, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord 
one thousand seven hundred and eightyseven, and of the Inde- 
pendence of the United States of America, the tivelfth. In 
witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names. 

John Langdon, 

Nicholas Oilman. 

Nathaniel Gorham, 

Rufus King. 

William Samuel Johnson, 

Roger Sherman. 

Alexander Hamilton. 

William Livingston, 

David Brearley, 

William Paterson, 

Jonathan Dayton. 

Benjamin Franklin, 

Thomas Mifflin, 

Robert Morris, 

George Clymer, 

Thomas Fitzsimons, 

Jared Ingersoll, 

James Wilson, 

Gouverneur Morris. 

George Read, 

Gunning Bedford, jun., 

John Dickinson, 

Richard Bassett, 

Jacob Broom. 



JSTew Hampshire, 

Massachusetts, 

Connecticut, 
JVew York, 

JVew Jersey, 



Pennsylvania, 



Delaware, 



Maryland, 



James McHenry, 

Daniel of St Thomas Jenifer, 

Daniel Carroll. 



John Blair, 
James Madison, jun. 
C William Blount, 
JS^orth Carolina, 7 Richard Dobbs Spaight, 
^ Hugh Williamson. 
C John Rutledge, 
Charles C. Pinkney, 
Charles Pinkney, 
Pierce Butler. 
I William Few, 
' Abraham Baldwin. 
GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. 
WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary. 



Virginia, 



South Carolina. 



Georgia, 



17G HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



AMENDMENTS. 



The following Amendments, having been adopted by three fourths 
of the several states, now constitute a part of the constitution. Ten 
of these articles, having been presented by Congress to the states in 
1789, and subsequently ratified by three fourths of the states, were 
declared a part of the constitution in 1791. The thirteenth was 
adopted in 179S ; and the fourteenth in 1804. 

ARTICLE I. 

After the first enumeration required by the first article of the Con- 
stitution, there shall be one representative for every thirty thousand, 
until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which the pro- 
portion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less 
than one hundred representatives, nor less than one representative 
for every forty thousand persons, until the number of representatives 
shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so 
regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred 
representatives, nor more than one representative for every fifty 
-thousand persons. 

ARTICLE 11. 

No law varying the compensation for the services of the senators 
and representatives shall take effect, until an election of representa- 
tives shall have intervened. 

ARTICLE III. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, 
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of 
speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to as- 
semble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. 

ARTICLE IV. 

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free 
state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be in- 
fringed. 

ARTICLE V. 

No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any house with- 
out-the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner 
to be prescribed by law. 

ARTICLE VI. 

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, pa- 
pers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not 
be violated ; and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, 
supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place 
to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 



CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 177 

ARTICLE VII. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infa- 
mous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, 
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia 
when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall 
any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeo- 
pardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to 
be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of lite, liberty or pro- 
perty, without due process of law; nor shall private property be ta- 
ken for public use without just compensation. 

ARTICLE VIII. 

In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a 
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district 
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall 
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be infoi'med of the 
nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the wit- 
nesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining wit- 
nesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his 
defence. 

ARTICLE IX. 

In suits at common law, v;here the value in controversy shall ex- 
ceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and 
no fact, tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court 
of the United States, than according to the rules of the common 
law. 

ARTICLE X. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, 
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 

ARTICLE XL 

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not 
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 

ARTICLE XII. 

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitu- 
tion, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states re- 
spectively, or to the people. 

ARTICLE XIII. 

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to 
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted 
against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by 
citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 

ARTICLE XIV. 

The electors shall meet in the'.r respective states, and vote by bal- 
lot, for President and Vice President, one of whom at least, shall not 
be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name, 
in their ballots, the person voted for as President, and, in distinct 
rjallots, the person voted for as Vice President, and they shall make 



178 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons 
voted for as Vice President, and of the number of votes for each, 
which lists they shall sign and certifj% and transmit, sealed, to the 
seat of the ojovernment of the United States, directed to the Presi- 
dent of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the pre- 
sence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the cer- 
tificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having 
the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if 
such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appoint- 
ed ; and if no person have such a majority, then from the persons 
having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the ]ist of those 
voted for as President, the H"ouse of Pepresentatives shall choose 
immediately by ballot, the President.. But in choosing the President, 
the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state 
having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a mem- 
ber or members fiom two-thirds of the states, and a inajoiity of all 
the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Re- 
presentatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of 
choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March 
next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in 
the case of the death or other constitutional disabiUty of the Presi- 
dent. 

The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President, 
shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the 
whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a ma- 
jority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate 
shall clioose the Vice President — a quorum for the purpose shall con- 
sist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority 
of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 

But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, 
shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. 

ARTidLE XV. 

If any citizen of the United States shall accept, claim, receive, or 
retain any title of nobility or honor ; or shall without the consent of 
Congress, accept and retain any present, pension, office or emolu- 
ment of any kind whatever, from any emperor, king, prince, or for- 
eign power, such person shall cease to be a citizen of the United 
States, and shall be incapable of holding any otfice of trust or profit 
under them or either of them. 



Sec. III. The more perfect organization of 
the federal system gave a new aspect to the 
pohtical affairs of the country. Strength and 
unanimity now took the place of weakness and 



FROM 1783 TO 1812. 179 

disorder. A constitution of more ample pow- 
ers gave new vigor and efficacy to the measures 
of the general government, and prepared the 
way for that unexampled prosperity, which has 
characterized every subsequent period of our 
national annals. 

The first congress, under the new constitution, consist- 
ing of delegates from eleven states, Vv'as convened at New 
York, in 1789. Gen. George Washington was found to 
have been elected, by the unanimous suffrages of the citi- 
zens, to the office of President of the United States. 

During Washington's a>lministration, the people of the 
United States began to divide tliemselves into two great 
parties, according to the different opinions entertained, 
relative to the measures pursued by the general government. 
Those friendly to the vieus of the administration were 
k termed Federalists ; and those opposed to them, Rcjmbli- 
f cans. In 1797, Washington retired from the office of 
President, and John Adams was elected as his successor. 
The parties now became more fully developed, party feel- 
ing became general, and party measures were prosecuted 
with great anim.osity. The federal party maintained the 
ascendancy until towards the close of Mr Adams's admin- 
istration, when the republican party predominated. 

Sec. IV. 1788. A general organization act 
was passed by the legislature, dividing the state 
into fourteen counties, which were subdivided 
I into townships. The same success, which, at 
this and subsequent periods, characterized the 
general administration, also attended the inter- 
nal affairs of the state. The government was 

III. What infliience haS this change in the federal systesu en the 
political affairs of the country ? 

Wken was the first congress convened? Who was the first 

president? What parties originated during his administration ? 

By whom, was he succeeded ? 

IV What act was passed by tlie state legislature in 17SS ? What 

is said of the internal affairs of the state ? 



180 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

happily administered, and the general interests 
of tha community began to assume the most 
promising appearance. 

On the termination of the revolutionary con- 
test, the inhabitants, no longer engaged in the 
defence of the country, or exposed to the de- 
predations of the enemy, directed their atten- 
tion to the pursuits of agriculture, and the arts 
of peace. By their industry and enterprise, 
they made rapid advances in repairing the losses 
which had been sustained during that protracted 
and desolating war. The increase of v.ealth, 
the improvements everywhere apparent, the 
rapid extension of the settlements, and the 
general aspect of plenty and prosperity, that 
pervaded the state, sufficiently evinced the suc- 
cess, that attended their exertions. 

During the revolution, a considerable portion of tiie 
state was in the possession of the enemy, and many of its 
most fertile tracts constantly exposed to their depredations. 
Many of the new settlements were entirely broken up. 
On the return of peace, these were resumed, and many 
others commenced, which progressed with astonishing ra- 
pidity. 

In 1785, the district, comprehended between the Oneida 
reservation, and the Mohawk river above the German 
Flatts, and subsequently divided into the townships of 
Whitestown, Paris, and Westmoreland, contained but two 
families. In 1796, there were six parishes, which con- 
tained ihree full regiments of militia, and one corps of 
light horse."^ 

* Holmes's Annate. 

To what did' the inhabitants direct their attention ? What suc- 
cess attended them ? 

Mliat is said of the new settlements and other parts of the state 
during the war ? JVhat took place on the return of peace ? 



FROM J 783 TO 1812. 181 

Commerce, which in common with other 
pursuits had been interrupted during the war, 
experienced a rapid revival on the return of 
peace. 

The Empress of China, a ship of 360 tons, the first ves- 
sel from the United States to China, sailed from New York 
in February, 1784, for Canton, and returned the following 
year. 

Sec. Vc The controversy relative to the New 
Hampshire Grants still continued to agitate 
the eastern part of the state. Frequent appli- 
cations had been made by both parties to the 
general congress, for the interference of that 
body, but without obtaining any decisive result. 
In 1789, the legislature passed an act for the 
purpose of settling this controversy, and ac- 
knowledging the territory, as an independent 
state. Commissioners were mutually appoint- 
ed, and, in 1790, the subject was brought to an 
amicable adjustment. The new state was, in 
1791, recognized by congress, and admitted 
into the Union, with the name of Vermont. 

It was stipulated, that Vermont should pay the sum of 
thirty thousand dollars to the state of New York ; and that 
all claim of jurisdiction of the state of New York, and all 
rights and titles to lands within the state of Vermont, un- 
der grants from the colony or state of New York, should 
cease ; and thenceforth the perpetual boundary line be- 
tween the state of New York, and the state of Vermont, 
should be, as then held and possessed, viz. : the west lines 
of the most western towns, which had been granted by 
New Hampshire, and the middle channel of Lake Cham- 
plain. 

What was the state of commerce ? 

V. What took place in 1789, and the two following years, in relation 
to the controversy with the Grants .' 

JVhat was stipulated ? ^ 

16 



182 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. VI. The inhabitants of New York 
now began to direct their attention to the 
more scientific pursuit of agriculture and the 
arts. The " Society for the promotion of Ag- 
ricuhure, Arts, and Manufactures" was estab- 
hshedin 1791. The "Western Inland Lock 
Navigation Company" was incorporated the 
following year. 

The business of manufacture had been com- 
menced during the revolution, and consider- 
able progress had been made ; but on the re- 
turn of peace, owing to the excessive importa- 
tion of foreign articles, it was mostly aban- 
doned. The commerce of the state had 
been rapidly increasing, and was now in the 
most prosperous condition. 

In 1791, the exports to foreign ports amounted to above 
two million five hundred thousand dollars. In 1793, six 
hundred and eightythree foreign vessels, and one thousand 
three hundred and eightyone coasting vessels entered the 
port of New York. 

Sec. VII. 1795. Mr Clinton, after having for 
eighteen years discharged the office of gover- 
nor with talents and fidehty, published an ad- 
dress to the freeholders of the state, stating 
that his respect for the republican principle of 
rotation in office, would no longer permit him 
to fill his recent honorable station. He was 
succeeded by Mr Jay, who was continued in 
that office till 1801, when Mr Clinton again 
accepted a reelection. 

VI. What Society was established in 1791 ? V/hat the following 

year .'' What is said of manufactures? Of commerce ? 

VII. By whom was Gov. Clinton succeeded in 1795? When 

was he again elected ? 



FROM 1783 TO 1812. 183 

This period is distinguished only by the 
general, and almost unrivalled prosperity, that 
attended the public and private concerns of 
community ; and its history would be little 
more than a detail of the successful pursuit of 
the various avocations of civil hfc. The pas- 
sing of laws for regulating the general and lo- 
cal interests of society, the granting of lands, 
and organizing the new settlements, comprised 
the usual and ordinary business of the govern- 
ment. 

In 1796, the Legislature passed an act, granting an 
annuity of five thousand five hundred and fiftytvvo dollars 
to the Oneida Indians, in lieu of all former stipulations, 
for lands purchased in 1795 ; two thousand three hun- 
dred to the Cayugas, and two thousand to the Onondagas. 
An act was also passed for the relief of Indians, who were 
entitled to land in Brothertown. A general organization 
act, dividing the state into thirty counties, was passed in 
1801. 

Sec. VIII. 1804. Mr Chnton having been 
elected Vice President of the United States, 
Morgan Lewis was chosen to succeed him, as 
Governor of New York. Mr Lewis was suc- 
ceeded by Daniel D. Tompkins in 1807. Al- 
bany was the same year made the capital of 
the state. 

The contest between the two great parties, into which 
the country was divided, was still continued, and party 
feeling abated none of its violence. The measures of the 
general government and the appointment of civil officers, 

What is said of this period ? What comprised the usual business 

of pjovernment ? 

M^hat acts of the legislature are mentioned? 

VIII. Who was elected governor in 1804 f- In 1807? What 

other event the same year? 

What is mid of the parties at this time .?- IVhat were the usual 

subjects of eontroversy ? 



184 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

constituted the usual subjects of controversy. In 1800, 
the republican party in New York obtained the ascenden- 
cy. After a warmly contested election, Thomas Jefferson, 
the republican candidate, was chosen President of the Unit- 
ed States in 1801. During his administration, commenced 
the series of encroachments on the American com- 
merce, by the British, which resulted in a war with that 
country in 1812. Mr Jefferson retired from the office of 
PresidCi.t in 1809, and was succeeded by James Madison. 

Sec. IX. 1810. An act was passed by the 
legislature, " for exploring the route of an in- 
land navigation from Hudson's river to Lake 
Ontario, and Lake Erie ;" commissioners were 
appointed for this purpose, who made report 
the following year. The subject now began 
to excite very general interest, and a bill being 
introduced by Mr Clinton, an act was passed, 
" to provide for the improvement of the inter- 
nal navigation of the State." Commissioners 
were again appointed, and authorized to solicit 
assistance from the Congress of the United 
States. 

The commissioners appointed De Witt Clin- 
ton and Gouverneur Morris to lay the subject 
before the general government. They pro- 
ceeded to Washington, exhibited their creden- 
tials, and presented a memorial to Congress ; 
but were unsuccessful in their application to 
that body for assistance. In March, 1812, 
the commissioners again made report to the 



Which obtained the ascendency ? TVho was electe<f President 

of the United States in 1801? What vjas commenced during 

his administration ? By whom vms he succeeded in 1809? 

IX. What acts were passed in 1810, and the following year ? 

For what were commissioners appointed? What success attended 

the application ? What report was made in 1812 ? 



FROM 1783 TO 1812. 185 

legislature, and insisted that now, sound policy 
imperatively demanded, that the canal should 
be made by the state, and for her own account, 
a^ soon as circumstances would permit. The 
subject was, however, soon after suspended* 
by the brealdng out of the war with Great 
Britain, 

The Western Inland Navigation Company, incorporated 
in 1792, had confined their views to the improvement of 
the navigation of the Mohawk river, the Oneida lake, and 
Seneca river as far as the Seneca lake. In 1795, the 
country was explored, under the direction of the company, 
as far west as the Seneca lake ; and a report made, stating 
the practicability of considerable improvement in the nav- 
igation, by connecting those waters. The funds of the 
company, however, limited their operations to the improve- 
ments on the Mohawk river and Wood creek. 

The subject remained in this posture until 1808, when 
Joshua Forman, Esq. a member of the legislature from 
Onondaga, made a motion in the assembly for a survey to 
be made under the surveyor general of the county, between 
Lake Erie and Hudson river, in order to ascertain the 
practicability of connecting the several waters. The re- 
solution was adopted ; but the survey was not made, and 
nothing further resulted from the motion. 

In 1810, as before stated, the attention of the legislature 
was again called to the subject, and the resolution for 
causing the survey to be made, passed unanimously. The 
whole route was explored during the summer, and several 
surveys made the following year, the result of which was 
highly favorable to the prosecution of the enterprise. In 
the reports of the commissioners, the practicability of a 
canal navigation from the Hudson to Lake Erie, and the 

* ^n act to this eff,ict was passed on the report of the commis- 
sioners in 1S14. 

Why was the subject suspended ? 

To what were the operations of the Inland JVavifration Compa- 
ny limited ? JVhat took place in 1808 ? IVhen was the route 

explored 7 IVhat was the result of these survens ? 

16* 



186 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

immense advantages which would result from the accoin^ 
plishtnent of this object, were fully demonstrated. The 
public attention was aroused, and the importance of the 
work began to be in some measure appreciated. 

In their report of 1812, the commissioners estimate the 
expense of the undertaking at six millions of dollars ; and 
affirm, as the result of their calculations, that should the 
canal cost even ten millions, the revenue which would 
accrue from it, would soon discharge the interest, and very 
soon afterwards, by natural and necessary increase, dis- 
charge the principal. 

After adverting to the future importance of this work, 
they prophetically observe — " Even when, by the flow of 
that perpetual stream which bears all human institutions 
away, our constitution shall be dissolved, and our laws be 
lost, still the descendants of our children's children will 
remain. — The same mountains will stand, the same rivers 
run. — New moral combinations will be founded on the old 
physical foundations, and the extended line of remote pos- 
terity, after a lapse of two thousand years, and the ravage 
of repeated revolutions, when the records of history shall 
have been obliterated, and the tongue of tradition have 
converted (as in China) the shadowy remembrance of an- 
cient events into childish tales of miracle, this national 
work shall remain. It shall bear testimony to the genius, 
the learning, the industry, and the intelligence of the 
present age." 

Soon after this report was presented, an act was passed 
by the legislature, authorizing the commissioners, upon 
such terms and conditions as they should deem reasonable, 
to purchase, in behalf of the state, all the rights, interest, 
and estate of the ** Western Inland Navigation Company," 
and to take charge of the same. An act was also passed, 
authorizing the commissioners to borrow five millions of 
dollars in behalf of the state, for the prosecution of the ca- 
nal. This act was, however, repealed in 1814. 

What estimate was made in the report of 1S12 ? Wliat acli 

were soon after passed? Which was repealed in 1814? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 187 

CHAP. XV. 
WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 

War declared. Preparation for the Invasion of 
Canada, Battle of Qiieenstoivn, Capture of 
York and Fort George, Operations on the 
Lakes. Battles of Bridgewater, Chippewa 
and Plattsburg. Termination of the war. 
Commencement and Completion of the North- 
ern and Erie Canals. 

Sec. I. 1812. The encroachment of the 
British upon the maritime rights of the Amer- 
icans, had for some time been a subject of con- 
troversy between the two countries. After re- 
peated negotiations, in which no satisfactory 
concessions had been made by the British go- 
vernment, the depredations on the American 
commerce were still continued. At this crisis, 
the committee on foreign relations made re- 
port in concurrence with the message of the 
President, recommending, as the last resort for 
the defence of their rights, an appeal to arms. 
A bill for the declaration of war with Great 
Britian, was accordingly introduced,* and after 

*The bill was passed by the House of JRepresentatives on the 4th, 
and by the Senate, on the 17th. 

I. What had for some time been a subject of controversy with Great 
Britain ?— What was the result of the negotiation on this subject ? 
— What was recommended by the board on foreign relations ? 



188 HISTORY or NEW YORK. 

having passed both Houses of Congress, re- 
ceived the signature of the President on the 
18th of June. Preparations were immediate- 
ly made for the comrAencement of hostihties. 

" The grounds of the war, as set forth in the President's 
message to Congress, were — The impressment of Ameri- 
can seamen, by the British ; the blockade of her enemies^ 
ports, supported by no adequate forces, in consequence of 
which, the American commerce had been plundered in 
every sea, and the great staples of the country cut off 
from their legitimate markets ; and the British orders in 
council." 

" The right of search" constituted an important point 
of controversy. Great Britain claimed, among her prero- 
gatives, to take her native born subjects for her navy, 
wherever found, and of searching American vessels for 
this purpose. Native born British subjects, who had vo- 
luntarily enlisted on board our vessels, were frequently 
seized by the officers of the British navy, and, under color 
of seizing their own subjects, thousands of American sea- 
men were impressed into the British service. 

* Great Britain and France were at this time at war with 
each other, and had involved most of the European powers 
in their controversies. In 1806, the British government 
issued an order in council, declaring the ports and rivers, 
from the Elbe to Brest to be in a state of blockade. By 
this order, all American vessels trading to these and inter- 
vening ports were liable to seizure and condemnation. 
The French soon after issued the " Berlin Decree,'^ by 
which all the British Islands were declared to be in a state 
of blockade, and all intercourse with them prohibited. In 
January, 1807, the British government issued an order in 
council, prohibiting all coasting trade with France ; and, 
in November, the celebrated British orders in council, 

When was war declared. 

H^at v)ere the grounds of the war, as set forth in the president's 
message? — H^at constituted an important point of controversy f 
What is said of impressments 1—Ofthe state of Great Britain and 
France at this time ? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 189 

prohibiting all commercial intercourse with France and 
her allies, all nations at war with Great Britain, and all 
places from which the British flag was excluded. This 
was retaliated on the part of France in December by the 
'^ Milan Decree,'^ declaring every vessel denationalized, 
which shall have submitted to a search by a British ship, 
and every vessel a good prize which should sail to or from 
Great Britain, or any of its colonies, or countries, occupied 
by British troops.' 

While America was endeavoring to maintain a neu- 
trality and continue her commerce with the belligerents, 
they continued to array against each other these violent 
commercial edicts, in direct violation of the law of na- 
tions, and the most solemn treaties. In consequence of 
these edicts, the British and French cruisers were let 
loose upon the American commerce, by whom a large 
number of our merchantmen were captured, and an im- 
mense amount of American property seized and con- 
demned. 

In December Congress passed an act, laying an embar- 
go on all vessels within the jurisdiction of the United 
States. This measure failing to coerce the belligerents 
into an acknowledgment of our rights, an act was pass>- 
ed, March following, by which all trade and intercourse 
with France and England was prohibited. This was re- 
taliated on the part of France, the following year, by the 
'* Rambouillet decree," ordering all American vessels 
and cargoes, arriving in any of the ports of France, or 
countries occupied by French troops, to be seized and 
condemned. 

Congress, May following, passed an act, excluding 
British and French armed vessels from the waters of the 
United States ; but providing, that in case either of these 
nations should modify its edicts, before the 3d of March, 
1811, so that they should cease to violate neutral com- 
merce, commercial intercourse with such nation might be 

What measures were taken by congress to coerce the belligerents 

into an acknowledgment of our rights 7 How ivas this retaliated 

by France? What act of congress in May? Give some ac- 
count of the orders in council, and French decrees. Tl^at injl%h' 

ence had these on the commercial interests of the Americans ? 



190 HISTORY OF NEW YORE. 

renewed. In consequence of this act, official intelligence 
was s6on after received by the American government, that 
the French decrees were revoked. 

No concessions were, however, made on the part of 
Great Britain, and her orders in council were still rigidly 
enforced. While affairs were in this posture, an encoun- 
ter took place. May 1814, between the American frigate, 
President, commanded by Capt. Rogers, and the British 
sloop of war. Little Belt, commanded by Capt. Bingham, 
in which the latter suffered severely in her men and rigging. 
The attack was commenced by the Little Belt without 
previous provocation, or justifiable cause. — War now ap- 
peared to be tlie only alternative ; and Congress, having 
been assembled by proclamation in November, proceeded, 
in accordance with the recommendation of the president, 
to pass bills preparatory to a state of hostilities. 

The opinions of Congress, and of the people of the 
United States, were much at variance on the policy and 
expediency of the war. By the friends of the existing 
administration, constituting the republican party, the mea- 
sure was warmly supported, and the war declared to be 
unavoidable and just. By the federal party it was as 
warmly opposed, and declared to be impolitic, unneces- 
sary, and unjust. The federal party, at this time consti- 
tuting the minority in Congress, entered their solemn 
protest against it. 

The commencement of the war was unfortunately sig- 
nalized by the surrrender of Detroit, with about two 
thousand five hundred men to the enemy. Gen. Hull, 
the commander, was charged with treason, cowardice, 
and unofficerlike conduct, and tried before a court mar- 
tial. On the first charge the court declined giving an 
opinion ; on the two last, he was sentenced to death. 
The sentence was, however, remitted by the president. 

Wliat intelligence was soon after received 7 What was the 



erne 



state of the controversy in relation to Great Britain at this t 
Uliat naval occurrence is mentioned? What ivcre the sen- 
timents of the people of the United States as to the policy and ex- 
pediency of the war ? — -TVhat is said of the commencement of the 
war? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 191 

Sec. II. The attention of the Americans 
was early directed to the invasion of Canada, 
and troops to the number of eight or ten thou- 
sand were collected along the line for this pur- 
pose. They were distributed into three divi- 
sions — The North Western army under Gen. 
Harrison ; the army of the Centre under Gen. 
Stephen Van Rensselaer at Lewistown ; and 
the army of the North in the vicinity of Platts- 
burg, under Gen. Dearborn, the commander 
in chief. Great exertions were also made for 
preparing a naval force upon the lakes, the 
command of which was entrusted to Com. 
Chauncey. 

After the surrender of Detroit, the Americans had but 
one vessel of war on these waters, the Oneida, of six- 
teen guns on lake Ontario, commanded by Lieut. Wool- 
sey. Com. Chauncey, with a body of seamen, arrived at 
Sackett's Harbor about the first of October, and several 
schooners, which had been employed as traders on the 
lake, were immediately purchased and fitted out as ves- 
sels of war. Lieut. Elliot was despatched to Black Rock 
to make arrangements there for building a naval force 
superior to that of the enemy on lake Erie. Soon after 
his arrival, an opportunity was offered for a display of the 
most determined heroism. 

On the 8th of October, two British vessels, the De- 
troit, late the United States brig Adams, and the brig 
Caledonia, came down the lake from Maiden, and an- 
chored under the guns of fort Erie, situated nearly oppo- 
site Black Rock. Elliot immediately determined to make 
an attack, and if possible get possession of them, and ac- 

II. To what was the attention of the Americans eariy directed ? 

What disposition was made of the troops ? What exertions were 

made on the lakes ? 

What teas the state of the jlmerican naval fsrce on tlie lakes? — 
What measures were taken 7 



192 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

cordingly despatched an express to hasten the arrival of 
some sailors who were hourly expected. They arrived 
about noon, fifty in number, and were allowed only till 
'midnight to refresh themselves, when, being reinforced 
by fifty of the regular land forces, they put off from the 
mouth of Buffalo creek in two boats with Lieut. Elliot at 
their head. 

Having rowed into the lake above the vessels, they 
drifted down with the current, till they were hailed by a 
sentinel on board one of them, when they instantly sprang 
to their oars, and closing in upon the vessels; they jump- 
ed on board, drove the British below, and in ten minutes 
from their getting alongside, the prisoners were all se- 
cured, and the vessels under way. 

Unfortunately the wind was not sufficiently strong to 
carry them up against the current into the lake, and both 
ran aground. The Caledonia, however, was beached un- 
der the protection of one of the batteries at Black Rock, 
but the Detroit lay near the head of the island in the 
middle of the river exposed to the batteries and flying ar- 
tillery of the enemy. The Americans returned their fire 
from the Detroit ; but finding they could not bring their 
guns to bear with advantage, the prisoners were all got on 
shore and the brig deserted. During the day several un- 
successful attempts were made by the British, to board 
and destroy the military stores in the Detroit, but they 
were mostly secured by the Americans, after which she 
was set on fire and abandoned. The loss of the Ameri- 
cans in this enterprise was only two killed, and four 
wounded.* 

Sec. III. On the 13th of Octoher, a detach- 
ment from the army of the centre, consisting 
of about one thousand men, crossed the Nia- 
gara river, and attacked the British on the 
heights of Queenstown. They succeeded in 
dislodging the enemy ; but not being reinforced 

* Historical Register. 

Give some account of the enterprise at Fort Erie, 
III. "What can you say of the attack on Queenstown? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 193 

from the American side, as was expected, 
were afterwards repulsed and compelled to 
surrender. 

The troops destined for this expedition, having been 
assembled at Lewistown the preceding evening, began to 
embark at the dawn of day under cover of a battery 
mounting two eighteen pounders and two sixes. To 
accomplish their landing, they had only twelve boats, 
each capable of containing twenty men. Their move- 
ments were soon discovered by the enemy, and a brisk 
fire of musketry was poured from the whole line of the 
Canada shore aided by three batteries. Col. Van Rens- 
selaer effected the first landing in the face of this tre- 
mendous fire with only one hundred men. Though se- 
verely wounded the moment he leaped from the boat, he 
formed his men in a masterly manner, and commanded 
his officers to move on. They soon succeeded in gaining 
the heights, and, reinforcements arriving, the forts were 
stormed and the enemy driven dov/n the hill in every di- 
rection. 

Both parties were now reinforced, the Americans by 
regulars and militia, the British by six hundred regulars 
under Gen. Brock. The contest was renewed, and after 
a desperate engagement the enemy were repulsed. Gen. 
Brock and his aid, Capt. M'Donald, fell about the same 
instant. Gen. Van Rensselaer now crossed over, for the 
purpose of fortifying the heights preparatory to another 
attack. 

At three o'clock in the afternoon, the enemy, being 
reinforced by several hundred Indians, again advanced, 
and were a third time repulsed. Gen. Van Rensselaer 
now recrossed the river, and made an attempt to obtain 
the assistance of the militia, who were collecting on the 
opposite side, but was unsuccessful. The militia, dis- 
mayed by the view of the contest from the opposite side, 
absolutely refused to embark. The British in the mean- 
time were reinforced by eight hundred soldiers from Fort 
George, and renewed the attack. Finding it impractica- 

Give a more j)articular account of the operations. 
17 



194 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

ble to obtain the necessary reinforcements, the general 
ordered a retreat ; but unfortunately the boats were dis- 
persed, and many of the boatmen had fled. The Ameri- 
cans for a time continued to struggle against the superior 
force of the enemy, but were finally compelled to surren- 
der themselves prisoners of war. The loss of the Ameri- 
cans in killed was about sixty ; in wounded and taken 
prisoners, about seven hundred : — that of the enemy is 
unknown, but must have been severe. 

Gen, Van Rensselaer soon after resigned the command, 
which devolved on Gen. Smyth, who, the last of Novem- 
ber, projected another expedition, which was to have 
sailed from Buffalo. This expedition, however, failed 
from the same cause, which occasioned the misfortune at 
dueenstown, the refusal of the militia to cross the lines. 

The operations of the war the present year were distin- 
guished by several splendid naval achievements. About the 
middle of August, the British frigate Guerriere, command- 
ed by Capt. Dacres, was captured by the United States 
frigate Constitution, commanded by Capt. Isaac Hull. On 
the 17th of October, the enemy's brig Frolic was captured 
by the American sloop of war. Wasp. Both of these ves- 
sels were, however, taken the same day by the Poictiers, a 
British seventyfoar. On the 25th, the frigate United 
States, of fortyfour guns, commanded by Commodore 
Decatur, captured the Macedonian, a frigate of fortynine 
guns. On the 29th of December, the Constitution, then 
commanded by Com. Bainbridge, captured the British 
frigate Java, commanded by Capt. Lambert. During the 
winter of J 81 3, an engagement took place, off South 
America, between the Hornet, commanded by Capt. 
Lawrence, and the British sloop of war. Peacock. After 
an action of but fifteen minutes, the Peacock was com- 
pelled lo surrender. 

Sec. IV. 1813. In January, the Americans 
under Gen. Winchester sustained a severe de- 
feat from the British, under Gen. Proctor, at 

What enterprise tvas soon after projected? — TlHiai occasioned 
its failure ? — IVhat can you say oj the naval operations the pres- 
ent year 7 
IV. What occurred in January, 1813 ? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 195 

the river Raisin. During the winter, the op- 
erations of the war on the New York frontier 
were mostly suspended. Some skirmishing took 
place along the St Lawrence ; but the oppos- 
ing enemies being divided by a barrier of ice, 
not sufficiently strong to admit of the transport- 
ation of artillery, no enterprise of any impor- 
tance was attempted. 

In February, intelligence was received at Ogdensburg, 
that several men who had deserted from the opposite shore 
on the ice, had been taken on the American side by a 
party of the British, and carried oif and confined in the 
jail at Brockville. Capt. Forsylhe, the commander at Og- 
densburg, crossed over with about two hundred militia 
and riflemen for the purpose of retaking the prisoners, and 
capturing the military stores at Brockville. On their ar- 
rival, they were fired upon by the sentinels, but instead of 
returning it, they rushed through the main street to the 
jail, which was instantly carried and the prisoners libe- 
rated. After capturing about fifty prisoners, and a small 
quantity of military stores, they returned without loss. 

The following evening, a small party of Indians crossed 
over and made an attack upon the guard belonging to 
Forsytlie's company, but were repulsed. On the 22d, 
the enemy crossed over in considerable force and succeeded 
in capturing Ogdensburg. Forsythe effected a safe retreat 
before a superior force to Black Lake. Some alarm was 
excited for the safety of Sackett's Harbor, but immediate 
measures were taken for its defence. No attempts were, 
however, made at further conquest, and the British shortly 
after retired across the St Lawrence. 

Sec. v. In April, Gen. Dearborn made 
dispositions for a descent upon York, the capi- 
tal of Upper Canada. A successful attack 
was made on the 27th, and the place, with 

What is said of the operations of the war during the winter? 
V. What enterprise was undertaken by the Americans in April, and 
what success attended it ? 



196 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

large quantities of military stores, fell into the 
hands of the Americans. 

The enterprise was committed to a detachment of one 
thousand seven hundred troops, under Gen. Pike. The 
fleet, under Commodore Chaiincey, with the troops from 
Sackett's Harbor, moved down the lake, and, on the 27th, 
arrived one and a half miles from the enemy's works. 
The British, consisting of about seven hundred and fifty 
regulars, and five hundred Indians, under Gen. Sheaffe, 
attempted to oppose the landing, but were thrown into 
confusion, and fled to their garrison. 

The Americans advanced, but, on their approach to the 
barracks, an explosion of a magazine, previously prepared 
for that purpose, took place, which killed about one hun- 
dred men, among whom was the gallant Pike. He lived, 
however, to direct his troops, thrown into a momentary 
confusion, " to move on." They advanced under Col. 
Pearce towards the town, and took possession of the bar- 
racks, when they were met by the officers of the Canada 
militia, with offers of capitulation. At four o'clock, the 
troops entered the town. 

The British lost in killed, wounded and prisoners, seven 
hundred and fifty men ; the Americans, in killed and 
wounded, about three hundred. Early in May, the 
place was evacuated, and the fleet moved to Four Mile 
Creek, below Fort Niagara, where the troops were landed, 
and a detachment of one hundred men with two schooners 
sent to the head of t!ie lake to seize a quantity of public 
stores. The stores were guarded by about eighty regu- 
lars, who were soon put to flight. The stores were 
brought away, the public buildings burnt, and the expedi- 
tion returned without loss to Fort Niagara. Com. Chaun- 
cey soon after sailed for Sackett's Harbor, to obtain rein- 
forcements. 

Sec. VI. Commodore Chauncey having re- 
turned with the fleet to Fort Niagara, it was 

To whom was the enterprise committed? By whom were they 

opposed? What occurred on the approach of the Americans 7 

What was the loss of the parties ? What expedition ,was soon 

after undertaken ? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 



197 



immediately resolved to make a descent upon 
Fort George, situated on the opposite shore. 
An attack was made, on the 21th of May, and 
after a short contest, the place fell into the 
hands of the Americans. 

The troops having been embarked, the fleet stood out 
early in the morning, and took a favorable position for an- 
noying the enemy's batteries, and to cover the landing of 
the troops. In ten minutes after the schooners opened 
upon the batteries, they were completely silenced and 
abandoned. The troops then landed near a fort which 
had been silenced at Two Mile Creek. Immediately on 
their landing, the enemy, who had been concealed in a 
ravine, advanced in great force to the edge of the bank, in 
order to charge them ; but the schooners opened so heavy 
and well directed a fire, that they were compelled to re- 
treat. The troops in the mean time formed, and ascend- 
ing the bank immediately charged the enemy, who were 
routed and put to flight in every direction. The British 
now reentered Fort George, and having set fire to their 
magazines, moved off rapidly towards Queenstown. 
They were pursued by the light troops for several miles, 
when becoming exhausted through fatigue, they returned 
to Fort George. 

The loss of the Americans in this enterprise 39 killed, 
and 111 wounded; that of the enemy 108 killed, and 
278 taken prisoners, of whom 103 were wounded. The 
number of militia paroled by Gen. Dearborn was 507. 
The British garrison at Fort Erie soon after blew up their 
magazine and retreated. 

On the 23d of June, Gen. Dearborn despatched Lieut. 
Col. Boerstler, with 570 men, to Beaver Dam, to disperse 
a body of the enemy. When within about two miles of 
that place, he was attacked from an ambuscade but soon 
drove the enemy some distance into the woods. He 
then retired into a clear field, and sent an express for a 
reinforcement. Three hundred men were immediately 

VI. What place was next attacked ? — What success attended the 
attack ? 

Give some account of the occurrence at Beaver Dam ? 

17* 



198 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



marched to his relief, but before their arrival Boerstler 
had surrendered. 

Sec. VII. During these operations of the 
Americans, several enterprises were under- 
taken by the enemy. About the last of May 
a detachment of one thousand of the British 
under Sir George Prevost made an attack 
upon Sackett's Harbor, but were repulsed 
with considerable loss. 

The American loss in this attack was 21 killed, 84 
wounded, and 26 missing, of the regulars and volunteers; 
of the militia, 25 were killed, wounded and missing. 
The enemy had 29 killed, 22 wounded, 35 taken prison- 
ers ; in addition, many were killed in the boats while 
effecting their landing, and a number carried off the field 
previous to the commencement of their retreat. 

On the 19th of June, the British landed and burnt So- 
dus, where a quantity of provisions was deposited; and 
on the following day made an unsuccessful attempt to 
land at Oswego. On the 2d of July another unsuccess- 
ful attempt was made at Sackett's Harbor. On the Uth, 
a party ot' the enemy crossed over at Black Rock, and 
succeeded in carrying off a quantity of stores. Several 
enterprises were likewise conducted by the enemy on 
Lake Erie. 

During the spring of the present year, New York was 
blockaded by the enemy. At the south, Chesapeake Bay 
was blockaded, and some predatory excursions made on 
the coast. On the first of June, an action took place be- 
tween the British frigate Shannon and the Chesapeake 
commanded by Capt. Lawrence, in which the latter was 
compelled to surrender, her commander being mortally 
wounded. In August, the Argus, an American vessel, 
was captured by the Pelican. In September, success 
again returned to the Americans, and the British brig 
Boxer was captured by the Enterprise after a short, but 
obstinate engagement. 

* Historical Register. 

What is said of the attack on Sacketfs Harbor ? What othe^ 

enterprises of the enemy? What operations on the sea board? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 199 

Sec. VIII. On the 10th of September, an 
engagement took place between the American 
fleet under Commodore Perry, and that of the 
British on Lake Erie. After a long and des- 
perate conflict, the Americans obtained a de- 
cided victory. 

The American squadron consisted of nine vessels, car- 
rying fifty four guns, that of the British, of six vessels, and 
sixty three guns. The line of battle was formed at eleven, 
and a quarter before twelve, the enemy's flag ship, Queen 
Charlotte, opened a tremendous fire upon the Lawrence, 
flag ship of Com. Perry, which was sustained by the latter, 
ten minutes before she could bring her carronades to bear. 
At length she bore up and engaged the enemy, but the 
wind was too light to permit the other vessels to support 
her, and she was compelled to contend for two hours with 
two ships of equal force. By this time, the brig became 
unmanageable, and most of the crew being either killed 
or wounded, Perry abandoned her, and passed unhurt to 
the Niagara. 

The wind now rose, and spreading every canvass, he 
bore down upon the enemy. The remainder of the 
American squadron, one after another, arrived, closed in 
with the enemy, and the action became general. Three 
hours finished the contest, and Perry announced the cap- 
ture of the whole squadron to Gen. Harrison, in this laco- 
nic'style. — " We have met the enemy, and they are ours." 
The Americans had twentyseven killed, and ninetysix 
wounded ; the British lost in killed, wounded, and taken 
prisoners, about eight hundred. 

Sec. IX. The operations on Lake Ontario 
were less decisive. During the latter part of 
summer and autumn, frequent skirmishes took 
place, but no important advantage was obtain- 
ed by either party. 

VIII. "What operations on Lake Erie in September ? 
Give some account of the enga3;emeni ? 

IX. What is said of the operations on Lake Optaiio ? 



200 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

The British had a powerful naval force on Lake Onta- 
rio, at this time commanded by Com. Yeo, and had thus 
far held the entire control of the lake. Afier great exer- 
tions, Com. Chauncey had succeeded in preparing a fleet 
nearly equal to that of the enemy, and sailed from Sack- 
ett's Harbor about the middle of July. His movements 
were however much embarrassed by the heavy sailing of 
his vessels. He made several attempts to bring the ene- 
my to an engagement, but by their superior sailing, they 
escaped from his pursuit. 

The two squadrons had a running fight on the 11th of 
September, in which, the enemy sustained considerable 
damage, both in men and vessels. After being for some 
days blockaded at Duck Island, they escaped to King- 
ston, and Com. Chauncey returned to Sackett's Harbor. 
On the 5th of October, Chauncey discovered seven sail 
of the enemy, near the False Ducks, and immediately gave 
chase. The enemy soon after set fire to, and abandoned, 
one of their vessels ; and five others were compelled to 
surrender with about three hundred prisoners of war. 
The captured vessels proved to be transports from York, 
with troops, bound to Kingston. 

Sec X. Soon after the capture of the ene- 
my's fleet on Lake Erie, Detroit fell into the 
hands of the Americans, and great prepara- 
tions were made for the conquest of Montreal. 
This object was to be accomplished by two 
divisions under Generals Wilkinson and Hamp- 
ton, who were to effect a junction on the St 
Lawrence. The division under Wilkinson 
moved down the river early in November. On 
the 11th a severe but indecisive engagement 
took place between a detachment of the 
Americans under Gen. Boyd, and a detach- 
ment of the enemy under Lieut. Col. Morrison 
at Williamsburg. The loss of the Americans, 

X. What occurred soon after the capture of the fleet oa Lake Erie ? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. . 201 

in killed and wounded, was above three hun- 
dred ; that of the enemy was unknown. 

The force of the Americans in this action consisted of 
indefinite detachments from the boats, and consequently 
it is impossible to give an accurate statement of the num- 
ber on the field. They were estimated at from 1600 
to 1700 men. The force of the enemy was estimated at 
from 1200 to 2000, exclusive of militia. Both parties 
claimed the victory in this battle ; the British because they 
captured a piece of cannon, and because the Americans 
retired from the battle ground ; the Americans, because 
they fully accomplished their object, in beating back the 
enemy, who was harassing them in their progress down 
the river. The British account states, that they took 
one hundred prisoners, of which no mention is made by 
the Americans,* 

Sec. XI. Gen. Hampton made a short in- 
cursion into Canada ; but, owing to some mis- 
understanding between the two commanders, 
no junction was effected. The enterprise 
against Montreal was soon after abandoned, 
and the troops retired to winter quarters at 
French Mills, in the vicinity of St Regis. 
Fort George was evacuated by the Americans 
about the middle of December. The fortress 
was blown up, and the town of New^ark, situ- 
ated a mile below, and containing about 200 
houses, was laid in ashes. 

Sec. XII. On the l9th of December, the 
British crossed over above Fort Niagara, and 
succeeded in taking the place by storm. The 

* Historical Register. 



Give some account of the action at WilUamshurg. 
xir- What was the result of the enterprise against Montreal .' — 
What further operations are mentioned ? 
xn. What depredations of the enemy in December ? 



202 ^ HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

attack was made about 4 o'clock in the morn- 
ing, and the garrison were completely sur- 
prised. Such as escaped the fury of the first 
onset, made some ineffectual resistance, but 
were soon compelled to surrender. 

After the capture of the fort, the British 
proceeded up the river, and, having driven off 
a detachment of militia stationed at Lewistown 
Heights, burned that village and those of 
Youngstown, Manchester, and the Indian 
Tuscarora. On the 30th, another detachment 
of the British crossed over near Black Rock. 
They were opposed by the militia under Gen. 
Hall ; but, overpowered by the numbers and 
discipline of the enemy, the militia soon gave 
way ; and were totally routed. Having set 
fire to Black Rock, the enemy advanced to 
Buffalo, and, by the burning of that place, 
completed the desolation of the Niagara fron- 
tier. 

Sec. XIII. 1814. Fort Erie was taken by 
the Americans, early in J.uly, and, during the 
same month, sanguinary battles were fought at 
Chippewa, and Bridgewater. On the 14th of 
August, the British made an attempt to regain 
possession of Fort Erie. After a severe en- 
gagement, they were repulsed with the loss of 
six hundred in killed, wounded, and prisoners. 
The loss of the Americans was about two hun- 
dred and forty. 

Ill the battle of Bridgewater, or Niagara, the Ameri. 
cans were commanded by Generals Brown and Scott . 

xiTi. What can you say of the operations in 1814 ? 
■Of the battle of Bridgewater 7 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 203 

the British by Generals Drummond and Riall. The battle 
commenced at four o'clock, P. M. and continued till mid- 
night. The British were compelled to retire with the loss 
of nine hundred in killed, wounded, and prisoners. The 
loss of the Americans did not exceed one hundred. 

Sec. XIV. Sir George Prevost, with an 
army of fourteen thousand men, made a de- 
scent upon Plattsburg, where he arrived on the 
11th of September, and, after a severe engage- 
ment, was compelled to retire vv^ith great loss. 
The British fleet on Lake Champlain, com- 
manded by Com. Downie, was the same day 
captured, by that of the Americans under Com. 
Macdonough. 

Both the Americans and the British had at this time a 
respectable force on Lake Champlain. That of the latter 
was superior, amounting to ninetyhve guns, and one thou- 
sand and fifty men, while the American squadron carried 
but eightysix guns, and eight hundred and twentysix men. 

The American fleet was lying off Plattsburg, when the 
British squadron was observed bearing down in order of 
battle. An engagement ensued, v/hich lasted two hours 
and twenty minutes. By this time the enemy was silen- 
ced, and one frigate, one brig, and two sloops of war fell 
into the hands of the Americans. Several British galleys 
were sunk, and a few others escaped. The loss of the 
Americans was fiftytwo killed, and fiftyeight wounded ; of 
the British, eightyfour killed, and one hundred and ten 
wounded. 

On the commencement of the naval action, Sir George 
Prevost led up his forces against the American works, and 
began throwing upon them shells, balls, and rockets. The 
Americans, at the same time, opened a severe and destruc- 
tive fire from their forts. Before sunset, the temporary 
batteries of the enemy were all silenced, and every attempt 
to cross from Plattsburg to the American work,s, repelled. 

XIV. What enterprise of the enemy in September ? — What was 
the result of the engagement at Plattsburg ? 

Give some further account of these ci^erations. 



204 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

At nine o'clock, the object was abandoned, and the British 
general hastily drew off his forces, diminished by killed, 
wounded, and deserted, two thousand five hundred. Large 
quantities of military stores were abandoned, and fell into 
the hands of the Americans. 

In March of the present year, the American navy suf- 
fered no inconsiderable loss in the Essex, commanded 
by Com. Porter, which was captured by a superior British 
force in the bay of Valparaiso, South America. In April, 
the British brig Epervier, after an action of fortytwo 
minutes, was surrendered to the American sloop of war 
Peacock. 

Some important enterprises were undertaken by the 
enemy at the south the present year. In August, above 
fifty sail of the British arrived in the Chesapeake. On 
the 23d, a large detachment forced their way to Washing- 
ton, and burned the capitol, president's house, and execu- 
tive offices. They then hastily retired, and reganied their 
shipping. Early in September, an enterprise was con- 
ducted against Baltimore. After an unsuccessful engage- 
ment on the I2th, the British were repulsed with the loss 
of Gen. Ross, their commander in chief 

In December, the enemy's fleet, consisting of sixty sail, 
appeared off the coast of the Mississippi. A detachment 
of fifteen thousand were landed, under command of Sir 
Edward Packeaham ; and, on the Sth of January, attacked 
the Americans, consisting of about six thousand, chiefly 
militia, under Gen. Jackson, in their entrenchments be- 
fore New Orleans. After an obstinate engagement, the 
enemy were compelled to retire, with the loss of their 
commander, and near three thousand men in killed, 
wounded, and prisoners. 

Sec. XIV. The war was^oon after terminated 
by the treaty of Ghent. This treaty was signed 
by the commissioners of the two countries on 
the 24th of December, 1814, and ratified by 

What naval occurrences are mentioned the present year ? 

What operations of the enemy at the south 7 
XVI. When, and in what manner was the war terminated ? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 205 

the president and senate, on the 17th of Feb- 
ruary following. 

This treaty made provision " for the suspension of hos- 
tilities — the exchange of prisoners — the restoration of ter- 
ritories and possessions obtained by the contending powers 
during the war — and a combined effort for the abolition of 
the slave trade." No provision was made in regard to the 
subjects for which the war was avowedly undertaken. It 
was, however, contended by the friends of the administra- 
tion, that as the orders in council had been repealed, and 
the motives for impressment ceased with the wars in Eu- 
rope, the grounds of the controversy now no longer existed. 

Sec. xv^. The termination of hostihties pre- 
sented an opportunity for resuming the great 
plans of improvement in the internal navigation 
of the state. In 1816, an act was passed, di- 
recting the commissioners " to devise and adopt 
such measures as might be requisite to facili- 
tate and effect a communication, by means of 
canals and locks, between the navigable waters 
of Hudson'' s river and Lake Erie, and the said 
navigable waters and Lake Champlaiuo" No- 
thing of importance was however effected the 
present year. 

During the session of 1817, a memorial was 
presented, signed by above one hundred thou- 
sand of the citizens, calling upon the legislature 
to pass laws for the commencement and exe- 
cution of the proposed canals. An act was 
accordingly passed, and large appropriations 
made for this purpose. The Erie and Cham- 
plain canals were immediately commenced. 

What can you say of this treaty ? 

XV. For what did the termination of hostilities present an opportu- 
nity ? Vf hat act was passed in 1816 ? What was effected the 

present year? What took plice in 1817 ? 

18 



206 



HISTORY OF NEW YOR] 



and vigorous measures taken for their prose- 
cution. 

On the revival of this subject, at the close of the war, 
the state of the public mind was found to be highly unfa- 
vorable to the enterprise. The excitement, which had 
been produced by the reports of the commissioners in 1811 
and 1812, had mostly subsided, and great doubts were en- 
tertained, by a large body of the citizens, of the practica- 
bility of the proposed undertaking. Many, intimidated by 
the magnitude of the work, apprehended that the resources 
of the state were entirely inadequate to secure its comple- 
tion. In addition to these difficulties, the measure was 
v/armly opposed on party grounds. 

In 1816, the commissioners again made report to the 
legislature, and stated, that their former opinions had been 
confirmed by reflection and additional inquiry. Their re- 
port was clear and conclusive, but failed in producing any 
very important results. Some measures were taken for 
the furtherance of the work, but its importance, and the 
advantages which must result from it were, at this time, 
very imperfectly appreciated. The commissioners, ap- 
pointed the present year, were Stephen Van Rensselaer, 
De Witt Clinton, Samuel Young, Joseph Ellicott, and 
Myron Holley. 

In autumn, several distinguished individuals,* aware of 
the gloomy and discouraged state of the public mind, pro- 
ceeded to call a meeting of the citizens, at the City Hotel, 
in New York, to take into consideration the propriety of 
an application to the legislature, in favor of prosecuting 
the canals. The meeting was large, and highly respec- 
table. William Bayard was placed in the chair, when the 
business was opened by Judge Piatt, followed by De Witt 
Clinton, John Swartwout, and others. Messrs Clinton, 
Swartwout, and Eddy, were constituted a committee to 
prepare a memorial to the legislature. 

* Judge Piatt, De Witt Clinton, and Thomas Eddy. ■"":...■ 



What was the state of the public mind on this subject at the close 

of the war? On lohat grounds ivas the work opjwsed? 

What is said of the report of 1816? Who were ajypointed com' 

7nissiotiers in 1816.? What took place in autumn ? 



WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN. 207 

This memorial was drafted by Mr Clinton, and drawn 
in a masterly style, embracing a lucid and comprehensive 
view of the immense advantages that would b§ produced 
to the state by the completion of the canal. Copies, which 
were sent throughout the state, were eagerly signed by 
thousands, and carried full conviction to every mind. The 
project immediately became popular, the legislature was 
roused, and the several successive acts passed for the pros- 
ecution of the work. A system of finance was drawn up 
by Mr Clinton, which, with some trifling alterations, was 
adopted, and went into successful operation.* 

Sec. XVI. In 1817, Gov. Tompkins was 
chosen vice president of the United States, 
and De Witt CHnton was elected to succeed 
him, as governor of New York. In 1822, Mr 
Chnton decHned a reelection, and was suc- 
ceeded by Joseph C. Yates. The constitution 
of the state, having been revised by the con- 
vention at Albany, the preceding year, was ac- 
cepted by the people in January. (See Gene- 
ral Views.) In 1824, Mr Clinton was again 
reelected to the office of governor. 

The great system of internal improvement, 
commenced in 1817, was vigorously prosecuted, 
and attended by a success equalled only by the 
spirit and enterprise with which it was con- 
ducted. The Champlain canal, seventyone 
miles in lengthy was completed in 1 823. The 
Erie canal, three hundred and sixtytwo miles 
in length, was completed, and in successful 

* See Documents relating to the Canals. 

What is said of the memorial? H^at effect did it produce ? 

XVI. Who was elected governor in 1817 ? In 1822 ? What 

other event the same year? When was Mr Clinton reelected ? 

What is said of the internal improvements ? When were the canals 

completed ? 



208 



HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



operation, in October, 1825. The consumma- 
tion of this most magnificent and glorious en- 
terprise of the age, was celebrated by a great 
state jubilee, and the peal of cannon was heard 
from the shores of Lake Erie to those of the 
Atlantic* 

* Tribute. 



GENERAL VIEWS. 



Constiiution mid Laivs. Political Divisions, 
Cities and Villages, Agricidiu re ^Manufactures, 
Commerce, Canals. Banks, Militia, Educa- 
tion, Literary Institutions, Religion, Popu- 
lation, Character, 

Sec. I. Constitution and Laivs, On the 
abolition of the regal authority, the convention 
of the state, in 1777, established a Republican 
Constitution. It was revised, in 1821, by a 
convention at Albany, and underv/ent many 
important improvements. The new Constitu- 
tion was presented to the people the follow- 
ing year, and accepted by a majority of more 
than thirtythree thousand votes. The Con- 
stitution secures to the citizens the right of suf- 
frage, freedom of conscience in matters of re- 
ligion, the privilege of habeas corpus, and trial 
by jury in all criminal cases, protection of pri- 
vate property, and freedom of the press. 

The acts of the legislature of this state, 
with such parts of the common and statute laws 
of England and Great Britain, and such acts 
of the colonial assembly, as are not repugnant 
to the Constitution, and the acts of the State 
Legislature, constitute the Laws of the State 
of New York. 

Sec. I. What Constitution was adopted in 1777? When was it 

revised ? What rights are secured to the citizens by the constitu- 
tion ? What constitute the laws of New York ? 

18* 



210 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

The following is a copy of the Constitution, as formed 
by the Convention of 1821, and accepted by the people in 
January, 1822. 

IVe the People of the State of New York, achnoicledging 
icith gratitude the grace and beneficence of God, in per^ 
mitting us to make choice of our form of government, 
do establish the following Constitution : 

Article I. — Legislature. 

Section i. The legislative power of this state shall be 
vested in a senate and assembly. 

Sec. II. The senate shall consist of thirtytwo members. 
The senators shall be chosen for four years, and shall be 
freeholders. The assembly shall consist of one hundred 
and tvventyeight members, who shall be annually elected. 

Sec III. A majority of each house shall constitute a 
quorum to do business. Each house shall determine the 
rules of its own proceedings, and be the judge of the quali- 
fications of its own members. Each house shall choose 
its own officers ; and the senate shall choose a temporary 
president, when the lieutenant governor shall not attend 
as president, or shall act as governor. 

Sec. IV. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceed- 
ings, and publish the same, except such parts as may re- 
quire secrecy. The doors of each house shall be kept open, • 
except when the public welfare shall require secrecy. 
Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, ad- 
journ for more than two days. 

Sec. v. The state shall be divided into eight districts, to 
be called senate districts, each of which shall choose four 
senators. 

The first district shall consist of the counties of Suffolk, 
Queen's, King's, Richmond, and New York. 

The second district shall consist of the counties of 
Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland,Orange, Ulster, 
and Sullivan. 

The third district shall consist of the counties of Greene, 

Art. I. In what ts the legislative power of the state vested 7— Of 
what must the senate consist?— The asseinhlyl—What consiiiutes 
a quorum to transact business ? — Give some account of the rules of 
the house? — How is the state divided for the election of senators ? 



CONSTITUTION. 211 

Columbia, Albany, Rensselaer, Schoharie, and Sche- 
nectady. 

The fourth district, shall consist of the counties of Sara- 
toga, Montgomery, Hamilton, Washington, Warren, Clin- 
ton, Essex, Franklin, and St Lawrence. 

The fifth district, shall consist of the counties of Her- 
kimer, Oneida, Madison, Oswego, Lewis, and Jefferson. 

The sixth district, shall consist of the counties of Dela- 
ware, Otsego, Chenango, Broome, Cortland, Tompkins, 
and Tioga. 

The seventh district shall consist of the counties of 
Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Ontario. 

The eighth district shall consist of the counties of Steu- 
ben, Livingston, Monroe, Genesee, Niagara, Erie, Alle- 
ghany, Cattaraugus, and Chattauque. 

And as soon as the senate shall meet, after the first 
election to be held in pursuance of this constitution, they 
shall cause the senators to be divided by lot into four 
classes of eight in each, so that every district shall have 
one senator of each class ; the classes to be numbered one, 
two, three, and four. And the seats of the first class, 
shall be vacated at the end of the first year; of the second 
class, at the end of the second year ; of the third class, at 
the end of the third year ; of the fourth class, at the end of 
the fourth year, in order that one senator be annually 
elected in each senate district. 

Sec. VI. An enumeration of the inhabitants of the state 
shall be taken, under the direction of the legislature, in 
the year one thousand eight hundred and twentyfive, and 
at the end of every ten years thereafter; and the said 
districts shall be so altered by the legislature, at the first 
session after the return of every enumeration, that each 
senate district shall contain, as nearly as may be, an equal 
number of inhabitants, excluding aliens, paupers, and 
persons of color not taxed ; and shall remain unaltered 
until the return of another enumeration ; and shall at all 
times consist of contiguous territory, and no county shall 
be divided in the formation of a senate district. 

Sec. VII. The members of the assembly shall be chosen 

How are the senators divided? 



212 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

by counties, and shall be apportioned among the several 
counties of the state, as nearly as may be, according to 
the numbers of their respective inhabitants, excluding 
aliens, paupers, and persons of color not taxed. An ap- 
portionment of members of assembly shall be made by 
the legislature, at its first session after the return of eve- 
ry enumeration ; and when made, shall remain unaltered 
until another enumeration shall have been taken. But 
an apportionment of members of the assembly shall be 
made by the present legislature, according to the last 
enumeration taken under the authority of the United 
States, as nearly as may be. Every county heretofore es- 
tablished, and separately organized, shall always be enti- 
tled to one member of the assembly, and no new county 
shall hereafter be erected, unless its population shall en- 
title it to a member. 

Sec. viii. Any bill may originate in either house of the 
legislature, and all bills passed by one house may be 
amended by the other. 

Sec. IX. The members of the legislature shall receive 
for their services, a compensation to be ascertained by 
law, and paid out of the public treasury ; but no increase 
of the compensation shall take effect during the year in 
which it shall have been made. And no law shall be 
passed increasing the compensation of the members of 
the legislature beyond the sum of three dollars a day. 

Sec. X. No member of the legislature shall receive any 
civil appointment from the governor and senate, or from 
the legislature, during the term for which he shall have 
been elected. 

Sec IX. No person, being a member of congress, or 
holding any judicial or military office under the United 
States, shall hold a seat in the legislature. And if any 
person shall, while a member of the legislature, be elect- 
ed to congress, or appointed to any office, civil or milita- 
ry, under the government of the United States, his ac- 
ceptance thereof shall vacate his seat. 

Sec. XII. Every bill which shall have passed the senate 

How are the members of the assembly chosen 7 — TVl}at is said of 
the compensation of members ? — Of their receiving civil appoint- 
ments 1 



CONSTITUTION. 213 

and assembly, shall, before it become a law, be presented 
to the governor. If he approve, he shall sign it ; but if 
not, he shall return it with his objections to that house in 
which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objec- 
tions at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider 
it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the mem- 
bers present shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, 
together with the objections, to the other house, by which 
it shall likewise be reconsidered ; and if approved by 
two-thirds of the members present, it shall become a law. 
But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be 
determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the per- 
sons voting for and against the bill, shall be entered on 
the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall 
not be returned by the governor within ten days (Sun- 
days excepted,) after it shall have been presented to him, 
the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had sign- 
ed it, unless the legislature shall, by their adjournment, 
prevent its return ; in which case it shall not be a law. 

Sfx. XIII. All officers holding their offices during good 
behaviour, may be removed by joint resolution of the two 
houses of the legislature, if two-thirds of all the mem- 
bers elected to the assembly, and a majority of all the 
members elected to the senate, concur therein. 

Sec. XIV. The political year shall begin on the first day 
of January ; and the legislature shall every year assemble 
on the first Tuesday of January, unless a diflferent day 
shall be appointed by law. 

Sec. XV. The next election for governor, lieutenant 
governor, senators, and members of assembly, shall com- 
mence on the first Monday of November, one thousand 
eight hundred and twentytwo ; and all subsequent elec* 
lions s'hall be held at such time in the month of Oclober 
or November as the legislature shall by law provide. 

Sec. XVI. The governor, lieutenant governor, senators, 
and members of assembly, first elected under this con- 
stitution, shall enter on the duties of their respective of- 
fices on the first day of January, one thousand eight 

How can a bill, having passed the senate and assembly, become 

a law? How may officers, holding their offices dimng good be- 

haviour, be removed ? 



214 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

hundred and twentythree ; and the governor, lieutenant 
governor, senators, and members of assembly, now in of- 
fice, shall continue to hold the same until the first day of 
January, one thousand eight hundred and twentythree, 
and no longer. 

Article II. — Electors. 

Sec. I. Every male citizen of the age of twentyone 
years, who shall have been an inhabitant of this state one 
year preceding any election, and for the last six months a 
resident of the town or county where hs may offer his 
vote ; and shall have, within the year next preceding the 
election, paid a tax to the state or county, assessed upon 
his real or personal property ; or shall, by law, be exempi- 
ed from taxation ; or, being armed and equipped accord- 
ing to law, shall have performed, within that year, milita- 
ry duty in the militia of this state ; or who shall be ex- 
empted from performing militia duty in consequence of 
being a fireman in any city, town or village in this state : 
And also every male citizen of the* age of twentyone 
years, who shall have been, for three years next preceding 
such election, an inhabitant of this state, and for the last 
year a resident in the town or county where he may offer his 
vote ; and shall have been, within the last year, assessed 
to labor upon the public highways, and shall have perform- 
ed the labor, or paid an equivalent therefor, according to 
law, shall be entitled to vote in the town or ward where 
he actually resides, and not elsewhere, for all officers that 
now are, or hereafter may be, elective by the people : 
But no man of color, unless he shall have been for three 
years a citizen of this state, and for one year next prece- 
ding any election, shall be seized and possessed of a free- 
hold estate of the value of two hundred and fifty dollars, 
over and above all debts and incumbrances charged there- 
on ; and shall have been actually rated, and paid a tax 
thereon, shall be entitled to vote at any such election. 
And no person of color shall be subject to direct taxation, 
unless he shall be seized and possessed of such real es- 
tate as aforesaid. 

Art. II. What qualifications constitute an elector. 



CONSTITUTION. 215 

Sec. II. Laws may be passed, excluding from the right 
of suffrage, persons who have been, or may be, convicted 
of infamous crimes. 

Sec, III. Laws shall be made for ascertaining, by pro- 
per proofs, the citizens who shall be entitled to the right 
of suffrage hereby established. 

Sec. IV. AH elections by the citizens shall be by bal- 
lot, except for such town officers as may by law be di- 
rected to be otherwise chosen. 

Article III. — Executive. 

Sec. I. The executive power shall be vested in a go- 
vernor. He shall hold his office for two years ; and a 
lieutenant governor shall be chosen at the same time, and 
for thi; same term. 

Sec. II. No person, except a native citizen of the Uni- 
ted States, shall be eligible to the office of governor ; nor 
shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not be 
a freeholder, and shall not have attained the age of thirty 
years, and have been five years a resident wilhin this 
state, unless he shall have been absent during that time, 
on public business of the United States, or of this state. 

Sec. III. The governor and lieutenant governor shall 
be elected at the times and places of choosing members 
of the legislature. The persons respectively having the 
highest number of votes for governor and lieutenant go- 
vernor Siiall be elected ; but in case two or more shall 
have an equal, and the highest number of votes for go- 
vernor, or for lieutenant governor, the two houses of the 
legislature shall, by joint ballot, choose one of the said 
persons so having an equal and the highest number of 
votes for governor or lieutenant governor. 

Sec. IV. The governor shall be general and commander 
in chief of all the militia, and admiral of the navy of the 
state. He shall have power to convene the legislature 
(or the senate only) on extraordinary occasions. He 

T^-Tiat persons are excluded from the right of snffrage ? 

Art. III. In whom is the executive power vested 7 — Hoiu often 
is he elected ? — iVhat qualifications aiJ^ requisite for this office ? — 
When and in what manner are the governor and Lieut, governor 
elected 7 — What poivers aie vested in the governor 7 



216 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

shall communicate by message to the legislature at every 
session, the condition of the state ; and recommend such 
matters to them as he shall judge expedient. He shall 
transact all necessary business with the officers of go- 
vernment, civil and military. He shall expedite all such 
measures as may be resolved upon by the legislature, and 
shall take care that the laws are faithfully executed. He 
shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensa- 
tion which shall neither be increased nor diminished dur- 
ing the term for which he shall have been elected. 

Sec. v. The governor shall have power to grant re- 
prieves and pardons after conviction, for all offences ex- 
cept treason and cases of impeachment. Upon convictions 
for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution 
of the sentence until the case shall be reported to the 
legislature at its next meeting ; when the legislature shall 
either pardon, or direct the execution of the criminal, or 
grant a further reprieve. 

Sec. VI. In case of the impeachment of the governor, 
or his removal from office, death, resignation, or absence 
from the state, the powers and duties of the office shall 
devolve upon the lieutenant governor for the residue of 
the term, or until the governor absent or impeached shall 
return, or be acquitted. But when the governor shall, 
with the consent of the legislature, be out of the state in 
time of v/ar, at the head of a military force thereof, he 
shall continue commander in chief of all the military force 
of the state. 

Sec. VII. The lieutenant governor shall be president 
of the senate, but shall have only a casting vote therein. 
If, during a vacancy of the office of governor, the lieu- 
tenant governor shall be impeached, displaced, resign, die, 
or be absent from the state, the president of the senate 
shall act as governor, until the vacancy shall be filled, or 
the disability shall cease. 

In case of the death or other inability of the governor, on whom 

do the duties of that office devolve ? fVhat are the duties of the 

lieutenant governor 7 



CONSTITUTION. , 217 

Article IV. — Ippointments and Choice. 

Sec. 1. Militia officers shall be chosen or appointed as 
follows : 

Captains, subalterns, and non-commissioned officers, 
shall be chosen by the written votes of the members of 
their respective companies. Field officers of regiments 
and separate battalions, by the written votes of the com- 
missioned officers of the respective regiments and sepa- 
rate battalions. Brigadier generals by the field officers 
of their respective brigades. Major generals, brigadier 
generals, and commanding officers of regiments or sepa- 
rate battalions, shall appoint the staff officers of their 
respective divisions, brigades, regiments, or separate 
battalions. 

Sec. II. The governor shall nominate, and with the 
consent of the senate, appoint all major generals, brigade 
inspectors, and chiefs of the staff departments, except 
the adjutant general and commissary general. The adju- 
tant general shall be appointed by the governor. 

Sec. hi. The legislature shall, by law, direct the 
time and manner of electing militia officers, and of cer- 
tifying their elections to the governor. 

Sec. IV. The commissioned officers of militia shall be 
commissioned by the governor ; and no commissioned of- 
ficer shall be removed from office, unless by the senate, 
on the recommendation of the governor, stating the grounds 
on which such removal is recommended : or by the de- 
cision of a court martial, pursuant to law. The present 
officers of the militia shall hold their commissions, subject 
to removal as before provided. »• 

Sec. v. In case the mode of election and appointment 
of militia officers hereby directed, shall not be found con- 
ducive to the improvement of the militia, the legislature 
may abolish the same, and provide by law f)r ^heir ap- 
pointment and removal, if two-thirds of the members pre- 
sent in each house shall concur therein. 



Art. IV. How are mUitia officers chosen? IVliat officers are 

appointed by the orovernor and f;ennie.7 What provision is made 

in relation to the election and appointment of militia officers ? 

19 



218 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. VI. The secretary of state, comptroller, treasurer, 
attorney general, surveyor general, and commissary gen- 
eral, shall be appointed as follows : the senate and assem- 
bly shall each openly nominate one person for the said 
offices respectively ; after which, they shall meet together, 
and if they shall agree in their nominations, the persons 
so nominated shall be appointed to the office for which 
he shall be nominated. If they shall disagree, the ap- 
pointment shall be made by the joint ballot of the senators 
and members of assembly. The treasurer shall be chosen 
annually. The secretary of state, comptroller, attorney 
general,- surveyor general, and commissary general, shall 
hold their offices for three years, unless sooner removed 
by concurrent resolution of the senate and assembly. 

Sec. VII. The governor shall nominate, by message 
in writing, and with the consent of the senate, shall ap- 
point all judicial officers, except justices of the peace, who 
shall be appointed in the manner following, that is to say : 
The board of supervisors in every county in this state, 
shall, at such times as the legislature may direct, meet to- 
gether ; and they, or a majority of them so assembled, 
shall nominate so many persons as shall be equal to the 
number of the justices of the peace, to be appointed in 
the several towns in the respective counties. And the 
judges of the respective county courts, or a majority of 
them, shall also meet and nominate a like number of per- 
sons ; and it shall be the duty of the said board of super- 
visors, and judges of the county courts, to compare such 
nominations, at such a time and place as the legislature 
may direct ; and if, on such comparison, the said boards 
oY supervisors and judges of county courts, shall agree 
in their nominations, in all, or in part, they shall file a 
certificate of the nominations in which they shall agree, 
in the office of the clerk of the county ; and the person 
or persons named in such certificates shall be justices of 
the peace : and in case of disagreement in whole, or in 
part, it shall be the further duty of the said boards of 

TTliat officers are appointed by the i,enafe and assembly 7 In 

what manner are judicial officers appointed? In what manner 

justices of the ;peace ? 



CONSTITUTION. 219 

supervisors and judges respectively, to transmit tiieir said 
nominations so far as ihey disagree in the same, to the 
governor, who shall select from the said nominations, and 
appoint so many justices of the peace as sliall be requisite 
to fill the vacancies. Every person appointed a justice of 
the peace shall hold his office for four years, unless re- 
moved by the county court for causes particularly assign- 
ed by the judges of the said court. And no justice of 
the peace shall be removed, until he shall have notice of 
the charges made against him, and an opportunity of be- 
ing heard in his defence. 

Sec. VIII. Sheriffs, and clerks of counties, including 
the register and clerk of the city and county of New York, 
shall be ciiosen by the electors of the respective counties, 
once in every three years, and as often as vacancies shall 
happen. Sheriffs shall liold no other office, and be inelli- 
gible for tlie next three years after the termination of their 
offices. They may be required by law to renew their secu- 
rity from time to time ; and in default of giving such new 
security, their office shall be deemed vacant. But the 
county shall never be made responsible for the acts of 
the sheriff. And the governor may remove any such 
sheriff, clerk, or register, at any time within the three 
years for which he shall be elected, giving to such sheriff, 
clerk, or register, a copy of the charge against him, and 
an opportunity of being heard in his defence, before any 
removal shall be made. 

Sec. IX. The clerks of courts, except those clerk's 
whose appointment is provided for in the preceding sec- 
tion, shall be appointed by the courts of which they re- 
spectively are clerks ; and district attorneys by the county 
courts. Clerks of courts, and district attorneys, shall hold 
their offices for three years, unless sooner removed by the 
courts appointing them. 

Se(\ X. The mayors of all the cities in this state shall 
be appointed annually, by the common councils of the re^- 
gpective cities. 

In what wanner are sheriffs, clerks, registers, 8fc, chosen 7 

By whom are ?nayors appointed? 



220 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. xr. So many coroners as the legislature may direct, 
not exceeding four in each county, shall be elected in the 
same manner as sheriffs, and shall hold their offices for 
the same term, and be removable in like manner. 

Sec. xn. The governor shall nominate, and with the 
consent of the senate, appoint masters and examiners in 
chancery, who shall hold their offices for three years, un- 
less sooner removed by the senate, on the recommendation 
of the governor. The registers and assistant registers 
shall be appcinted by the chancellor, and hold their offices 
during his pleasure. 

Sec. xni. The clerk of the court of oyer and terminer, 
and general sessions of the peace, in and for the city and 
county of New York, shall be appointed by the court of 
general sessions of the peace in said city, and hold his 
office during the pleasure of the said court: and such 
clerks and other officers of courts, whose appointment is 
not herein provided for, shall be appointed by the several 
courts, or by the governor, with the consent of the senate, 
as may be directed by law. 

Skc. XIV. The special justices, and the assistant justices, 
and their clerks, in the city of New York, shall be ap- 
pointed by the common council of the said city, and shall 
hold tiieir offices for the same term that the justices of the 
peace, in the other counties of this state, hold their offices, 
and shall be removeable in like manner. 

Sec. XV. All officers heretofore elective by the people, 
shall continue to be elected ; and all other officers, whose 
appointment is not provided for by this constitution, and 
all officers whose offices may be hereafter created by law, 
shall be elected by the people, or appointed, as may by 
law be directed. 

Sec. XVI. Where the duration of any office is not pre- 
scribed by this constitution, ii may be declared by law; 
and if not so declared, such office shall be held during the 
pleasure of the authority making the appointment. 

Article Y. — Courts. 
Sec. 1. The court for the trial of impeachments, and 

Masters and examiners in chancery 7 



CONSTITUTION. 221 

the coirection of errors, shall consist of the president of 
the senate, the senators, the chancellor, and the justices 
of the supreme court, or the major part of them ; but when 
an impeachment shall be prosecuted against the chancellor, 
or any justice of the supreme court, the person so im- 
peached shall be suspended from exercising his office, 
until his acquittal ; and when an appeal from a decree in 
chancery shall be heard, the chancellor shall inform the 
court of the reasons for his decree, but shall have no voice 
in the final sentence ; and when a writ of error shall be 
brouifht on a judgment of the supreme court, the justices 
of that court shall assign the reasons for their judgment, 
but shall not have a voice for its affirmance or reversal. 

Sec. II. The assembly shall have the power of impeach- 
ing all civil officers of this state for mal and corrupt con- 
duct in office, and for high crimes and misdemeanors; but 
a majority of all the members elected shall concur in an 
impeachment. Before the trial of an impeachment, the 
members of the court shall take an oath or affirmation, 
truly and impartially to try and determine the charge in 
question, according to evidence ; and no person shall be 
convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the 
members present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, 
shall not extend farther than the removal from office, and 
disqualification to hold, and enjoy, any office of honor, 
trust, or profit, under this state ,■ but the party convicted 
shall be liable to indictment, and punishment, according 
to law. 

Sec. III. The chancellor and justices of the supreme 
court shall hold their offices during good behaviour, or until 
they shall attain the age of sixty years. 

Sec. IV. The supreme court shall consist of a chief 
justice, and two justices, any of whom may hold the court. 

Sec. v. The state shall be divided, by law, into a con- 
venient number of circuits, not less than four, nor exceed- 
ing eight, subject to alteration by the legislature, from time 

Art. v. Of what shall the court for the trial of impeachments 

consist ? JVhat body have the poiver of impeachment 7 How 

far may jiuJgment extend ? How lon^ do the chancellor and 

justices of the supreme court hold their offices? Of what does 

the supreme court consist 7 

19* 



-22 ■ HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

to time, as the public good may require ; for each of which^ 
a circuit judge shall be appointed, in the same manner, 
and hold his office by the same tenure, as the justices of 
the supreme court ; and who shall possess the powers of a 
justice of the supreme court at chambers, and in the trial 
of issues joined in the supreme court, and in courts of oyer 
and terminer and jail delivery. And such equity powers 
may be vested in the said circuit judges, or in tlie county 
courts, or in such other subordinate courts as the legisla- 
ture may by law direct, subject to the appellate jurisdiction 
of the chancellor. 

Sec. vr. Judges of the county courts, and recorders of 
cities, shall hold their offices for five years, but may be 
removed by the senate, on the recommendation of the gov- 
ernor, for causes to be stated in such recommendation. 

Sec. vir. Neither the chancelior nor justices of the su- 
preme court, nor any circuit judge, shall hold any other 
office or public trust. All votes for any elective office, 
given by ihe legislaiure, or the people, for the chancellor, 
or a justice of the supreme court, or circuit judge, during 
his continuance in his judicial office, shall be void. 
Article V], — Oath of Office. 

Sec. I. Members of the legislature, and all officers, 
executive and judicial, except such inferior officers as may 
by law be exempted, shall, before they enter on the duties 
of theiv respective offices, take and subscribe the following 
oath or affirmation. " 1 do solemnly swear, (or affirm, as 
the case may be,) that I will support the constitution of 
the United States, and the constitution of the state of New- 
York ; and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of 

the office of — , according to the best of my 

ability." 

And no other oath, declaration, or test, shall be required 
as a qualification for any office or public trust. 

In what manner are circuit judges appointedl How long do 

judges of county courts and recorders hold their offices? Caii 

the chancellor, and justices of the supreme and circuit courts, hold 
any other office ? 

Art. VI. n^at is required of the members of the legislature and 
executive and judicial officers, previous to their entering on the du- 
ties of their offices ? 



CONSTITUTION. 223 

Article Vll.— Rights and Prohibitions. 

Sec. I. No member of this state shall be disfranchised, 
or deprived of any of the rights or privileges secured lo 
any citizen thereof, unless by the law of the land, or the 
judgment of his peers. 

Sec II. The trial by jury in all cases in which it has 
been heretofore used, shall remain inviolable for ever ; and 
no new court shall be instituted but such as shall proceed 
according to the course of the common law, except such 
courts of equity as the legislature is herein authorised to 
establish. 

Sec. III. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious 
profession and worship, without discrimination or prefe- 
rence, shall for ever be allowed in this state to all mankind ; 
but the liberty of conscience hereby secured, shall not be 
so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or justify 
practices inconsistent with the p^ace or safety of this state. 

Sec. IV. And whereas the ministers of the gospel are, 
by their profession, dedicated to the service of God and 
t!ie cure of souls, and ought not to be diverted from the 
great duties of their functions ; therefore, no minister of 
the gospel, or priest of any denomination whatsoever, shall, 
at any time hereafter, under any pretence or description 
wliatever, be eligible to, or capable 6f holding, any civil 
or military office or place within this state. 

Sec. v. The militia of this state shall, at all times here- 
li.ilor, be armed and disciplined, and in readiness for service ; 
but all sucii inhabitants of this state, of any religious de- 
nomination whatever, as from scruples of conscience, may 
be averse to bearing arms, shall be excused therefrom, by 
paying to the state an equivalent in money ; and the legis- 
lature shall provide by law for the collection of such equiv- 
alent, to be estimated according to the expense, in time 
and money, of an ordinary able bodied militia man. 

Sec VI. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall 
not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion, or 
invasion, the public safety may require its suspension. 

Art. VII. What is said of disfranchisement 7 Of trial bi/ jury ? 

Of liberty of conscience in religious worship ? Fro?7i ivhat 

are the ministers of the gospel excluded ? In what cases ?nay 

persons be excused froj/i military duty? What regulation as to 

suspension of habeas corpus ? 



224 



HISTOKY OF NEW YORK. 



Sec. VII. No person shall be held to answer for a capital, 
or otherwise infamous crime, (except in cases of impeach- 
ment, and in cases of the militia, when in actual service, 
and the land and naval forces in time of war, or which 
this state may keep, with the consent of congress, in time 
of peace, and in cases of petit larceny, under the regula- 
tion of the legislature,) unless on presentment or indict- 
ment of a grand jury ; and in every trial on impeachment 
or indictment, the party accused shall be allowed counsel 
as in civil actions. No person shall be subject, for the 
same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; 
nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a 
witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty, 
or property, without due process of law : Nor shall private 
property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 

Sec. viii. Every citizen may freely speak, write and 
publish his sentiments, on all subjects, being responsible 
for the abuse of that right ; and no law shall be passed to 
restrain or abridge the liberty of speech, or of the press. 
In all prosecution-^ or indictments foi; libels, the truth may 
be given in evidence to the jury; and if it shall appear to 
the jury, that the matter charged as libellous is true, and 
was published with good motives, and for justifiable ends, 
the party shall be aqquitted ; and the jury shall have the 
rigSit to determine the law and the fact. 

Sec. IX. The assent of two-thirds of the members elected 
to each branch of the legislature, shall be requisite to every 
bill appropriating the public moneys or property, for local 
or private purposes, or creating, continuing, altering, or 
renewing any body politic or corporate. 

Sec. X. The proceeds of all lands belonging to this 
state, except such parts thereof as may be reserved or ap- 
propriated to public use, or ceded to the United States, 
which shall hereafter be sold or disposed of, together with 
the fund denominated the common school fund, shall be 
and remain a perpetual fund ; the interest of which shall 
be inviolably appropriated and applied to tlie support of 

What privileges arc allowed to persons held to answer for crimi- 
nal offences ? What regulations in relation to Jreedom of speech 

and of the press? What is requisite to bills appropriating the 

public money ? 



CONSTITUTION. 225 

common schools throughout this state. Rates of toll, not 
less than those agreed to by the canal commissioners, and 
set forth in iheir report to the legislature of the twelfth of 
March, one thousand eight hundred and twentyone, shall 
be imposed on, and collected from ail parts of the naviga- 
ble communications between the great western and north- 
ern lakes and the Atlantic ocean, which now are, or 
hereafter shall be made and completed : And the said 
tolls, together with the duties on the manufacsture of all 
salt, as established by the a'*t of the fifteenth of April, one 
thousand eight hundred and seventeen ; and the duties on 
goods sold at auction, excepting therefrom, tiie sum of 
thirtythree thousand five hundred dollars, otherwise appro- 
priated by the said act; .and tiie amount of the revenue, 
established by the act of the legislature of the thirtieth of 
March, on€ thousand eight hundred and twenty, in lieu 
of the tax: upon steam-boat passengers, shall be, and remain 
inviolably appropriated and applied to the completion of 
such navigable connnunications, and to the payment of the 
interest, and reimbursement of the capital of the money 
already borrowed, or which hereafter shall be borrowed, 
to make and complete the same. And neither the rates 
of toll, On the said navigable communications, nor the du- 
ties on the manufacture of salt aforesaid, nor the duties on 
goods sold at auction, as established by the act of the fif- 
teenth of April, one thousand eight hundred and seventeen, 
nor the amount of the revenue established by the act of 
March the thirtieth, o!ie thousand eight hundred and 
twenty, in lieu of the tax upon steam-boat passengers, 
shall be reduced or diverted, at any time before the full 
and complete payment of the principal and interest of the 
money borrowed, or to be borrowed, as aforesaid. And 
the legislature shall never vsell nor dispose of the salt springs 
belonsiing to this state, nor the lands contiguous thereto, 
which miay be necessary or convenient for their use ; nor 
the said navigable communications, nor any part or section 
thereof; but the same shall be, and remain the property 
of this state. 

Sec. XI. No lottery shall hereafter be authorised in this 

What regulation in regard to lotteries ? 



226 HISTORY OF NEW YOilK. 

State ; and the legislature shall pass laws to prevent the 
sale of all lottery tickets within this state, except in lotte- 
ries already provided for by law. 

Sf.c, XII. No purchase or contract for the sale of lands 
in this state, made since the fourteenth day of October, 
one thousand seven hundred and seventyfive, or which 
may hereafter be made, ofj or with the Indians in this state, 
shall be valid, unless made under the authority, and. with 
the consent of the legislature. 

Sec. XIII. Such parts of tli£ common law, and of the 
acts of the legislature of the colony of New York, as to- 
gether did form the law of the said colony, on the nine- 
teenth day of April, one thousand seven hundred and sev- 
entyfive, and the resolutions of the congress of the said 
colony, and of the convention of the state of New York, 
in force on the twentieth day of April, one thousand seven 
hundred and seventyseven, which have not since expired, 
or been repealed or altered ; and such acts of the legisla- 
ture of this state as are now in force, shall be and continue 
the law of this stcite, subject to such alteration ao the legis- 
lature shall make concerning the same. But all such 
parts of the common law, and such of the said acts, or 
parts thereof, as are repugnant to this constitution, are 
hereby abrogated. 

Sec. XIV. All grants of land within this state, made by 
the King of Great Britain, or persons acting under his au- 
thority, after the fourteenth day of October, one thousand 
seven liundred and seventy five, sliali be null and void ; 
but nothing contained in this constitution shall aftect any 
grants of land within this state, made by the authority of 
the said King, or his predecessors, or shall annul any 
charters to bodies politic and corporate, by him or them 
made before that day ; or shall atfect any such grants or 
charters since made by this state, or by persons acting 
under its authority ; or shall impair the obligation of any 
debts contracted by the state, or individuals, or bodies 
corporate, or any other riglits of property, or any suits, 
actions, rights of action, or other proceedings in courts of 
justice. 

What in relation to purchase of land from the Indians ? 

What parts of the common law are confirmed by this constitution? 
JVhat abroorated ? 



CONSTITUTION. 227 

Article Vill. — Amendments. 

Sec. I. Any amendment or amendments to this consti- 
tution may be proposed in the senate or assembly ; and if 
the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members 
elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amend- 
ment or amendments shall be entered on their journals, 
with the yeas and nays taken tliereon, and referred to the 
legislature then next to be chosen ; and shall be published, 
for three mouths previous to the time of making- such 
choice ; and if, in the legislature next chosen as aforesaid, 
such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed 
to by two thirds of all the members elected to each house, 
then it shall be the duty of the legislature to submit such 
proposed amendment or amendments to the people, in such 
manner and at such time as the legislature shall prescribe ; 
and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment 
or amendments, by a majority of the electors qualified to 
vote for members of the legislature voting thereon, such 
amendment or amendments shall become part of the con- 
stitution. 

Article IX. — When in force. 

Sec. I. This constitution shall be in force from the last 
day of December, in the year one thousand eight hundred 
and twentytwo. But all those parts of the same which 
relate to the right of suffrage ; the division of the state into 
senate districts; the number of members of the assembly 
to be elected in pursuance of this constitution ; the a])por- 
tionment of members of assembly ; the elections hereby 
directed to commence o*n the first Monday of November, 
in the year one thousand eight hundred and twentytwo; 
the continuance of the members of the present legislature 
in office until the first day of January, in the year one 
thousand eight hundred and twentythree, and the prohibi- 
tion against authorising lotteries ; the prohibition against 
appropriating the public moneys or property for local or 
private purposes, or creating, continuing, altering, or re- 
newing any body politic or corporate without the assent of 

Art. VIII. How may the consiitutiun be amended 1 By whom 

must such amendment he rafijicd ? 

Art. IX. TVhen did this constitution come in force? 



228 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

two-third < of the members elected to each brancli of the 
legislature, shall be in force and take effect from the last 
day of February next. The members of the present legis- 
lature shall, on the first Monday of March next, take and 
subscribe an oatli or affirmation to support this constitution, 
so far as the same shall then be in force. Sheriffs, clerks 
of counties, and coroners, shall be elected at the election 
hereby directed to commence on the first Monday of No- 
vember, in the year one thousand eight hundred and twen- 
ty two ; but they shall not enter on the duties of their oflices 
before the first day of January then next following. The 
commissions of all persons holding civil offices on the last 
day of December, one thousand eight hundred and twenty- 
two, shall expire on that day ; but the officers then in 
commission, nsay respectively continue to hold their said 
offices until new appointments or elections shall take place 
under this constitution. 

Sep. II. The existing laws relative to the manner of 
notifying, holding and conducting elections, making re- 
turns, and canvassing votes, shall be in force, and observed, 
in respect to the elections hereby directed to commence 
on the first Monday of November, in the year one thousand 
eight hundred and twentytwo, so far as the same are appli- 
cable. And the present legislature shall pass such other 
and further laws as may be requisite for the execution of 
the provisions of this constitution, in respect to elections. 

Sec. II. Political Divisions. To facilitate 
the operations of government, the state is di- 
vided into fifty four separately organised coun- 
ties, which are subdivided into about six hun- 
dred and si.xty townships, Albany was in 1807 
constituted the capital of the state, where the 
sessions of the Legislature have since that pe- 
riod boon regularly lield. Each of the coun- 
ties have likewise a capital or county toivn, 

II. What polilical divisions in New York : >Vhat is the cupilal ? 

What is said of the counties ^ 



• CITIES AND VILLAGES. 229 

where the courts are held, and the county busi- 
ness transacted. The state is aJso divided 
agreeable to the coDStitulion into eight senato- 
rial districts for the election of senators to the 
state legishiture, and into thirty congressional 
districts, for the election of representatives to 
the congress of the United States. 

The following presents a list of tlie counties in 1824, 
nrranaed accordiniT to their population. New York, 
Oneida, Dutchess, Otsego, Onondaga, Orange, Rensse- 
laer, Genesee, Cayuga, Washington, Columbia, Albany, 
Montgomery, Saratoga, Ontario, Jeilerson, WHstchester, 
Madison, Chenango, Herkimer, Ulster, Delaware, Mun- 
roe, Tompkins, Suffolk, Schoharie, Greene, Sieuben, 
dueen's, Wayne, Livingston, Seneca, Cortlandt, St Law- 
rence, Erie, Tioga, Schenectady, Essex, Chatauque, Os- 
wego, Clinton, Putnam, King's, Broome, Yates, Warren, 
Allegany, Lewis, Sullivan, Rockland, Niagara, Richmond, 
Franklin, Cataraugus. 

Sec. III. Cities and Villages, The state 
contains five cities, and a large number of 
incorporated villages. The cities are Nevv^ 
York, Albany, Troy, and Hudson, situated on 
Hudson's river ; and Schenectady, on the Mo- 
hawk. Among the most important villages, are 
Utica, Rochester, Brooklyn, BuffaiOj Lockport, 
Lansingburgh, Canandaigua, Auburn, Geneva, 
Sackett's Harbor, and Poughkeepsie. Some 
of these, and many others, particularly on the 
line of the canal, have arisen within a few 
years, and increased with astonishing rapidity. 

New York, the metropolis of the state, is situated 
the southern part of the Island of Manhattan. It is ■ 

Mention some of the most popitlovs counties. , 

Sec. III. What number of cities, and what are they? T^ , 

can you say of villages ? 

What is said of JYeic York ? 
20 



230 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

largest, and, in a commercial point of view, the most impor- 
tant city in the union. Its charter was first granted in 1(586, 
and has subsequently received frequent alterations and 
amendments. It was renewed with additional privileges 
by Gov. Montgomery, in 1730, and confirmed by tiie pro- 
vincial legislature in 1732. 

According to the charter, the city of New York em- 
braces the whole of York, or Manhattan Island. This 
entire tract has been laid out by act of government into 
streets, squares, and roads; and the location, Vvhich has 
been formed with great care and skill, is made perpetual, 
no person being permitted to erect buildings on the 
grounds thus appropriated to public use. Of this exten- 
sive locatroi), commencing at the southern extremity, near 
three miles have been filled up along the Hudson, and 
about four on East River. In a looser sense, the buildings 
are spread over most of the Ireland. A great number of 
villas are scattered throughout eight or ten miles from the 
southern point ; and with these, many liouses of an in- 
ferior class, belonging to gardeners, farmers, and mechan- 
ics, who reside in them through the year. The principal 
collection of tliese buildings is contained in Haerlem 
viilaiie, and its neighborhood. Manhattanville is a similar 
collection near the Hudson. The villas are ])laced in al- 
most all the pleasant positions on the island, and spread 
over it a brilliancy and cheeriulness not surpassed in the 
United States.* 

The city of New York, according to more general ac- 
ceptation, limited to about four miles of the southern ex- 
tremity of the island, is from half a mile to two miles in 
width, and from eight to ten in circuit. The streets of the 
southern part, which is the most ancient, are irregular, 
many of them extremely narrow, and laid out with little 
regard to beauty or convenience. The northern part, 
ha'v'ing been more recently built, is laid out with better 
ta^te, and presents many spacious and elegant avenues. 
"*" three principal streets are Pearl street^ Broadiuay, 

* Divi^ht. 



Uliat docs it embrace according to the charter? IVhat is the 

extent of the compact part ? Mention some of the j^rincipal 

streets. 



CITIES AND VILLAGES. 231 

and GreeniDicli street. These run the whole length of the 
city, and are intersected, though not at right angles, by 
streets, running from river to river. Pearl street, near the 
East river, pursues a narrow and devious course through a 
populous part of- the city, and is the seat of great business. 
Broadway passes in a straight line over the highest ground 
between the two rivers, and is the noblest avenue of the 
kind in America. Greenwich street pursues a nearly 
straight course between Broadway and the Hudson, and 
is wide and elegant. Wall street, the principal seat of 
the banks, insurance, and broker's offices, runs from 
Broadway, across Pearl street to the river. Chatham 
street is a noble spaceway, leading from Broadway into 
Bowery road. Washington street is a splendid avenue 
near the Hudson. The other principal streets are FuVon 
street^ Maiden lane, John street, Nassau, Broad street, 
Prince, William, Cherry, Hudson, and CortUmdt streets. 
The streets are generally well paved, with good sidewalks, 
and every part of the city well supplied with lamps. 

The Battery is a fine promenade at the southern ex- 
tremity of the city, containing several acres. It commands 
an extensive view of the Bay and Harbor of New York' 
with the surrounding shores, and was the site of the early 
fortification, from which it derives its name. The Bow- 
ling Green is a circular piece of ground at the foot of 
Broadway, near the Battery. The Park is another beau- 
tiful promenade of about four acres, on the south side of 
Broadway, and near the centre of the city. 

The modern houses in New York are mostly of brick, 
and generally well built. Many of them are elegant. 
Among the public edifices, are now included more than 
one hundred churches, which are occupied by the various 
denominations for religious worship. The whole number 
in 1821, according to a list then published, was seventy- 
one — as follows : Episcopal 15, Dutch Reformed 9, As- 
sociate Reformed 5, Presbyterian 10, Methodist 9,^ J^an- 
tist 7, Friends, or Quakers IJ, Independents 3, C'-':! e- 
gational, or Unitarian 1, Moravian 1, German Luth: ? .u 1, 

What is the number of churches 7 



232 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Universalist 1, Roman Catholic 2, Mariners 1, Mission 
House J , New Jerusalem 1 , Jews' Synagogue I . Of these, 
St John's in Hudson Square, is one of the richest, and, in 
the interior, one of the most beautiful. The steeple of 
St Paul's is probably not excelled by any in the Union. 
The front of the new church in Wall street is handsome. 

The City Hall, situated at the head of the Park, is a 
noble specimen of architecture, and one of the most su- 
perb buildinirs in the United States, This edifice was be- 
gun in 1803, by order of the corporation, and completed 
in 1812, at an expense of 85-20,000. The building ex- 
tends from east to west two hundred and sixteen feet by 
one hundred and five. The south, east, and west fronts 
are faced with white marble, enriched with two regular 
orders of architecture, t)ie Ionic and Corinthian, raised on 
a rustic basement of brown freestoriC, ?iiiie feet in height. 
A neat stone balustrade surrounds the building, and hides 
a great part of the roof. The centre has an attic story, 
which is crowned with a well proportioned cupola sur- 
mounted by the figure of Justice. 

The basement floor contains the police office, and large 
accommodations for the city watch, the marine court, and 
other oifices. 

The principal entrance is on the south front, by a ter- 
race walk, which extends the length of the building, and 
is about forty feet in breadth. This is raised three feet 
above a level of the Park. From this walk, a flight of 
steps ascend to an loiiic colonade, and from this you pass 
into a large vestibule, adjoining a corridor that runs 
lengthwise of the building and communicates with the 
different apartments and staircases. This floor contains 
the Mayor's office, and all the offices that belong to the 
city and county, together with a Grand Jury room. Law 
Library, and other apartments. In the centre of the 
building, facing the entrance, is a large circular stone 
staircase, with a double flight of steps upheld without any 
apparent support on the wall, which surrounds the stairs. 

On the level of the second floor, stand ten marble col- 
umns of the Corinthian order, with a circular gallery 
around them. The columns are fluted, and the entabla- 



Give a description of the City Hall. 



CITIES AND VILLAGES. 233 

ture fully enriched ; the whole covered by a hemispherical 
ceilinff, enriched with sunk compartments filled with 
patera, and lighted by a large skylight, the wiiole of which 
produces a fine effect. Tlie second floor contains four 
large court rooms, two jury rooms, two ofiices, a gallery 
for paintings, and a Comnion Council chamber. The lat- 
ter is finished in a very superb style, and richly ornam.ent- 
ed with carvings in stone and wood, which are well ex- 
ecuted. 

Among other public edifices, the Hospital, Alms Iloiise, 
Colleges, Theatres, Exchange, State and United States 
Arsenals, JVcw York Institution, State Prison, Penitentia- 
ry, Bridewell, and several of the Banks are conspicuous. 

For the more convenient administration of justice, and 
the regulation of its internal police, the city is divided into 
ten wards. It is governed by a Mayor, ten Aldermen, 
and ten Assistants, who are styled the *' Mayor, Aldermen, 
and Commonality." The Mayor is elected by the Com- 
mon Council ; and the Aldermen, Assistants, and other 
officers, by the several wards. The Pi?'e Department is 
extensive, well organized, and effective. The numerous 
societies, for religious, eleemosynary, literary, scientific, 
and political purposes, form too large a list to be here 
enumerated. 

The number of houses in the city of New York in 1820 
amounted to about 20,000, and the population to 123,706. 
Since that time the number of buildings, the business, and 
population of the place have increased with greater rapid- 
ity, than at any former period. The number of houses is 
now (1828) estimated at about 30,000, and the number of 
inhabitants at above 150,000. The western and northern 
canals have brought to this city, and must continue to 
bring to it, an immense accumulation of business and wealth. 
New York has already become the commercial emporium 
of America. Considering its local advantages, and the 
enterprise of its inhabitants, we can hardly set bounds to 
its future prosperity and importance. 

TiHiat oiher public edifices are mentioned? What can yon 

say of the population of JS'^ew York? What of its future pros- 
perity and importance ? 

20* 



234 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Albany is the capital, and, next to New York, the lar- 
gest and most important city in the state. It was founded 
by the Datcl], in i(r2;i, and then called Fort Oranae. It 
received its present name on its surrender to the English 
in l(io4, and was first incorporated as a city in 1686. It 
has the oldest charter of any city in the Union, and, next 
to Jamestown in Virginia, is the oldest settlement. It is 
situated on the west bank of the Hudson, one hundred 
and forty four miles from New York, and near the head 
of sloop navigation. It is a place of large and rapidly in- 
creasing business. 

The principal streets, with the exception of Slate street, 
run paraliel with the river : many of them are narrow, but 
several are broad, and most of them well paved. State 
street extends from the river to the capitol, tiirough a 
central and opulent part of the city : the upper part pre- 
sents a spacious and elegant avenue. From this diverge 
Norih^ml South Blarket streets, extending to the two op- 
posite extremities of the city, and embracing a large share 
of the population and business. Among the other most 
important avenues, are North and South Pearl, Dock, 
Quay, and Washimrton streets. The Public Square is 
a spacious and elegant opening on the east of the capitol, 
and is handsomely ornamented with trees and shrubbery. 

Most of the old houses are built in the Dutch style, and 
are of an indifferent appearance ; but the new houses are 
now, by far, the most numerous, and many of them erected 
in a style of elegance highly creditable to the taste of the 
inhabitants. Among the public buildings, the Capitol is 
the most important. This edifice, situated at the head of 
State street, has a front of ninety feet on the east, and one 
hundred and fifteen on the north. The walls, fifty feet 
in height, comprising two stories and a basement of ten 
feet, a're faced with freestone, from the quarries on the 
Hudson. The east front has a portico, with four marble 
Ionic columns, thirtythree feet in height, exclusive of the 
entablature. The roof is of a pyramidal form, surmounted 
by a cupola, the dome of which, twenty feet in diameter, 



What is said of Albany? How is it situated ? miat pub- 
lic buildings does it contain ? What can you say of the Capitol ? 



CITIES AND VILLAGER* 235 

is supported by eight insulated Ionic columns. The dome 
sustaiiis a pedestal, on which is placed a statue of Themis, 
eleven feet in height, carved in wood, with appropriate em- 
blems. The Asscmblfj Chamber, fiftysix feet by fifty, and 
twentyeight high ; the Senate Chamber, fifty feet by twenty- 
eight, and twentyeight high, with the room for the Council 
of Revision and the Sapreme Court room, are elegantly 
finished, and richly ornamented in stucco. In addition to 
these, the building contains a Common Council Chamber, 
Jury rooms. Mayor's Court room, a room for the Society 
of Arts, for the St?.te Library, and the Board of Agricul- 
ture, with the County Clerk's office, and other apartments. 
Among the other public buildings, are the State Hall, 
the Albany Academy, Lancaster School House, Stale 
Arsenal, Alms House, Jail, three Banks, and twelve 
churches, occupied by the several denominations, for re- 
ligious worship. Some of these have been recently erected, 
and are highly beautiful structures. 

The city of Albany is divided into five wards, and gov- 
erned by a Mayor, Recorder, ten Aldermen, and ten As- 
sistant Aldermen : who are styled, "the Mayor, Aldermen, 
and Commonalty." The Fire Department is efficient, 
well organized, and provided with engines. The popula- 
tion of the city, in 1825, amounted to near sixteen thou- 
sand. Since the completion of the Western and Northern 
Canals, Albany has received great accessions of business 
and population, and from its local advantages is probably 
destined to be one of the largest inland cities in America. 

Troy, the third city in the state in point of population, 
is a beautiful and flourishing place, situated on the east 
bank of the Fludson, at the head of tide water, six miles 
above Albany, and three miles below the confluence of 
that river with the Mohawk. It was first incorporated 
as a village in 1801, and as a city in ! 8 16. It has expe- 
rienced a rapid increase, and has already arisen to a con- 
siderable degree of opulence. It is a place of large busi- 
ness, which has been greatly augmented since the com- 
pletion of the canals. The Poesten-kill and Wynats-Jcilly 

How is Albnvy governed 7 MHiat is its population ? 

Wuat can you say of Troy / 



236 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

two fine mill streams, afford a valuable water power, which 
is extensively applied to the purposes of manuiacture. 
The inhabitants have been justly celebrated for their in- 
dustry and enterprise. 

Along the bank of the river, which here makes a con- 
siderable bend, winds River street, the principal mart of 
business. Notwithstanding its irregularity, it is a spacious 
and elegant avenue. In rear of this, the town is regularly 
laid out into squares, by streets crossing each other at 
nearly right angles. Most of them are sixty feet in 
width, and several well paved. The houses are built in 
the modern style, and are highly creditable to the taste 
of the inhabitants. Many of them are highly beautiful. 
The public buildings are a Court House, Jail, Cleric's 
Office, several Banks, and the houses for the Lancaster 
School, and Female Seminar}/. In 1S23, there were six 
churches, occupied by the different denominations for re- 
ligious worship ; and since that period, several other ele- 
gant structures have been erected for this purpose. 

Mount Ida and Mount Olpupus are two fine eminences, 
of considerable elevation, a short distance from the river, 
and command an interesting view of the city and sur- 
rounding country. 

The Cif}/ of Troi/ is divided into six wards, and gov- 
erned by a Mayor, Recorder, and six Aldermen, with four 
Assistants. The population in 1820 was above five thou- 
sand ; and in 1823, was estimated at about six thousand. 
Since that time, it has probably increased with greater 
rapidity than at any former period. 

Hudson, one of the largest and most important towns 
on the river of that name, is situated one hundred and 
seventeen miles above New York, and occupies a com- 
manding eminence on the eastern bank, at the head of 
ship navigation. The site of the city is on a high point, 
projecting into the Hudson, and terminating in a bold, 
rocky cliff, washed on each side by bays of considerable 
extent. It was founded in 1784, and has rapidly increased 
in business and population. The city is regularly laid out 
into squares by streets crossing each other at right angles. 

TVhat is its population 7 What can you say of Hudson ? 



CITIES AND VILLAGES. 237 

The streets are generally spacious, and tise houses well 
built. Warren street, the most important avenue, is one 
mile in length, and the principal seat of business. The 
public buildings are a Covi-t House, Prison, Academy^ 
several School houses, and five houses for religious worship. 
Hudson is governed by a Mayor, Aldermen, and Assist- 
ants, who are annually elected by the citizens. The pop- 
ulation in 1820 amounted to above five thousand three 
hundred. In point of trade and manufactures, it proba- 
bly holds the fourth rank in the state. 

Schenectady is situated on the south side of the Mohawk, 
about sixteen miles from its confluence with the Hudson. 
It is built on the site of an ancient Indian town, called by 
the aboriirines, Can-nugh-harie-gagh-liar ie * and is one 
of the oldest European settlements in the state. The city 
is intersected by the Erie Canal, and is a place of consid- 
erable business. It is regularly laid cut into streets, which 
are well paved, and provided with side walks. The houses 
are generally constructed in the ancient style, and have 
rather an inferior appearance. The public buildings are 
two College Edifices, a Blale and Female Arackniy, four 
Churches, Court House, Jul, Alm-^house, Bank, and the 
buildings for the Lancaster and Common Schools. The 
bridge across the Mohawk at this j)lace is about one thou- 
sand feet in length, and a noble piece of architecture. 
The population of Schenectady is about four thousand. 

Utica is a pleasant and flourishing village, situated on 
the south bank of the Mohawk, about eighty miles above 
Schenectady. It is intersected by the Erie Canal, and is 
one of the largest and tnost important of the western towns. 
The streets are conveniently arranged, and are generally 
broad and well paved. The houses are built in the mo- 
dern style of architecture, and are many of them highly 
beautiful. Th«^ entire village has an air of neatness and 
elesfance, which is seldom surpassed. Among the public 
buildings are a Court House, two Banks, and one or more 

* Translated, " A threat multiliuU collected together J" It was the 
Cff;»?7aZ of the Mohawks, and a populous town. The present name 
of this city was applied by the Indians to Alhany, and pronounced by 
them Scagh-nack-tca-da, which means beyond the pine plains. 

Of Schenectady ? Of Utica ? 



\ 

23S HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Churches for al.-nost every denomination. Several of the 
latter are usicouiinonly splendid. Utica has a population 
of above five thousand, and is a place of great wealth. 

Rocheste)', situated on the Geuesee river, is the 
largest and most flourishing village in the state. It has 
arisen within a few years, and increased in business and 
population with unparalleled rapidity. It was first set- 
tled in lb 12, and it was not till the latter part of 1814, 
that any consi'derable addition was made to the number of 
its inhabitants. In 1818, the village contained 1049 in- 
habitants; in 1820, 1502; in 1822, they were estimated 
at 2"/ 00 : in 1824, the population amounted to 4274; in 
1825, to 5271 ; and in 1827, to 10,818. 

Rochester contains a large number of fine dwellings 
and stores, with several splendid public edifices. Among 
the public buildnigs are a Court House, Jail, Market, ^xA 
six churches. Several of the latter are costly and elegant 
structures. The village contains an immense water power, 
which is extensively applied to the purposes of manufac- 
ture. There are ten large flour mills, which make annu- 
ally 200,000 barrels of flour. About nine million feet of 
lumber are here sawed annually. The present population 
is estimated at about twelve tiiousand. The village has 
been created by the Western Canal, which passes through 
it, and has grown up with so much rapidity, that its future 
prosperity and importance will hardly admit of an estimate. 

" The aqueduct at this place over the Genesee, is one 
of the finest works on the course of the canal ; and is no 
less remarkable for its usefulness, than for its architectural 
beauty and strength. It is borne across the river's chan- 
nel on ten arches of hewn stone. The river dashes rap- 
idly along beneath, while boats, with goods and passen- 
gers, glide safely above."* 

Brooklyn is an opulent and populous village, in the 
town of that name, situated on Long Island, opposite, and 
three- fourths of a mile from the city of New York. It 
occupies an elevated position, and with tie adjacent coun- 
try, presents a great variety of highly beautiful and elegant 

* Northern Traveller. 

Of Rochester 7 What important work on the Canal at thu 

place ? What is said vf Brooklyn ? 



CITIES AND VILLAGES. 23© 

views. It is among the oldest settlements in the state, 
and has long been a place of very considerable population 
and business. It contains near seven hundred houses, 
four churches, and some extensive manufactories. The 
whole population of the tcncn of Brooklyn, in 1820, was 
7175, and has since that period been considerably aug- 
mented. Tlie village is now in a flourishing condition. 

Bicfalt), situated on the Niagara river, at the east end 
of Lake Erie, is one of the largest and most fiourishing 
villages in the state. It occupies a gentle acclivity, lising 
frorn the nnmediate vicinity of the lake. It was burned 
by tlie British in 1814, and has since been rebuilt in a 
superior style of elegance. " The principal street runs 
along the ridge of the hill, looking out upon Lake Erie to 
the horizon, and is ornamented with several fine blocks 
of brick stores and handsome dwelling houses, together 
with several public buildings. A large piece of ground 
has been left in the middle of the town for a public square, 
where several streets meet, and which it is intended to 
ornament with public edifices. A fine promenade has 
also been laid out on the brow of the hill towards the lake. 
This is called the Terrace, and affords a pleasant view 
upon the lake, the harbor, and the canal. In 1825, Buf- 
falo contained six thousand inhabitants."* The business 
and population of the place are rapidly increasing, and 
from its superim* commercial advantages, it must ulti- 
mately become one of the most important inland towns in 
America. 

Lockport, the county town of Niagara county, is situ- 
ated on the Western Canal, sixtythree miles west of Ro- 
chester. It has been created by the canal, and has grown 
up with very great rapidity. It has a valuable water power, 
and is a place of large and increasing business. The 
population in 1823, amounted to 1458, and has since that 
period been greatly augmented. Its future prospects can- 
not ,at this time be saiely anticipated. Its local advan- 
tages must, however, render it a place of no small impor- 
tance. The Canal here descends from the Mountain 

* Northern Traveller. 
-^ — Of Buffalo 7 Of Lockport 7 



'S'10 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Ridge to the Genesee Level, by five double combined locks, 
each of twelve feet descent. These locks are among the 
most ititeresting works on the Canal. 

Lansingburgh, situated in the southw^est part of the 
township of that name, on the east bank of the Hudson, 
and three miles above Troy, is a handsome and flourish- 
ing village. It is regularly laid out into squares, by spa- 
cious and convenient streets. It contains about tliree 
hundred houses, a Bank, five Churches, and two buildings 
occupied by an Academy. It is a place of considerable 
business, and has 1050 inhabitants. 

Canandaigua is situated on a gentle acclivity at the 
north end of the lake, and near tlie centre of the tov/nship 
oftliatnarne. it is the capital of Ontario county, and 
one of the most interesting of the western villages. The 
principal avenue, rising from the lake and extending along 
the ridge of the hill, is spacious, and contains many elegant 
buildings. Near the centre of the village is an open area 
of liberal extent commanding a beautiful view of the ad- 
jacent scenery, and finely ornamented with public build- 
ings. Among the public edifices, are a Court Uuicse, 
Jail, three Churches, State Arsenal, and an Academy. In 
the beauty of its position, and the style of its buildings, it 
is not probably surpassed by any village of equal extent in 
the Union. It is located in the midst of a fertile tract of 
country, and is a place of much business. It contains 
about two thousand inhabitants, and is now in a flourish- 
ing condition. 

Auburn, situated on the outlet of the Owasco Lake, 
and near the eastern boundary of the township of Aure- 
lius, is a pleasant village, and the capital of Cayuga county. 
It contains about 150 houses, many of which are elegant, 
v/ith the county building?, and other public edifices. Of 
these the most important is the Slcde Prisori. This was 
erected in 1817, at an expense of $300,000 ; and is pro- 
bably the best constructed building of the kind in the 
United States. Auburn is a place of some business, and 
contains 1800 inhabitants. 

Of Lansingburgh ? Of Canandaigua ? Of Auburn ? 



AGRICULTURE. 241 

Geneva is a beautiful and flourishing village, situated 
at the north end and near the outlet of Seneca lake. It 
occupies a pleasant elevation, commanding an extensive 
view of the lake and surrounding country. It contains 
above three hundred houses, shops, and stores, with seve- 
ral handsome Churches, a College, and an Academy. It 
is a place of much business and enterprise, and has about 
1800 inhabitants. 

Sackett's Harbor is situated on the southwest side of 
Black River Bay, eight miles from Lake Ontario, and is 
a place of considerable business. It was founded in 1801 , 
and during the late war was an important military and 
naval position. It has a fine harbor, and commands an 
extensive trade upon the lake. It contains about two 
thousand inhabitants, and is now in a prosperous condition. 

Poughkeepsicy situated in the town of that name, on the 
east bank of the Hudson, and 74 miles above New York, 
is a village of considerable importance, and the capital of 
Duchess county. The inequality of the surface along the 
river's bank gives the place a singular and romantic ap- 
pearance. The village contains the County Buildings, a 
Bank, an Academy, five Churches, and about six hundred 
houses, stores, and shops. It is a place of some business, 
and contains about 2700 inhabitants. 

Sec. IV. Agriculture, Agricultural pursuits 
constitute the employment of an important and 
highly respectable portion of the community. 
A large part of the state presents a productive 
soil ; and the manner of cultivation, which has 
already attained to a high degree of perfection, 
is rapidly improving. In 1819, the subject re- 
ceived the attention of the legislature ; and an 
act was passed, making provision for the form- 
ing of county societies, for the promotion of 
agriculture and household manufactures, and 
the establishment of a Board of Agriculture, to 

IV. "What is said of agriculture ? What encouragement has been 

aiforded by the legislature ? 

21 



242 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

consist of the presidents or delegates of the 
county societies. Ten thousand dollars per 
annum, for four years, was appropriated to the 
use of these societies, and one thousand to the 
Board of Agriculture. 

Under this act a large number of societies 
were formed. The Board was organized, and 
published its first volume of "Memoirs^^ in 1821 . 
The success that attended these efforts induced 
the legislature to extend the act to an additional 
term of four years. The societies annually 
expend, in premiums, double the amount ap- 
propriated from the treasury. Annual Fairs 
are held in each of the counties, for the exhi- 
bition and sale of products, and for competition 
in the manual operations of agriculture. The 
publications of the Board, comprising essays 
on husbandry, and the results of experim.ents 
in various parts of the state, are highly respect- 
able, and tend rapidly to accelerate the march 
of improvement. 

About three-fourths of the entire population of the state 
are engaged in agricultural pursuits. Six million acres 
of land, less than one-fourth part of the area of the state, 
are at present under improvement. Wheat is the most 
important product, and is exported in large quantities. 
Indian Corn, Rye, and Barley, are extensively cultivated. 
The number of Cattle, according to the state census of 
1821, was 1,219,000; Horse:>, 263,000; Sheep, 2,153,- 
000.* As connected with agriculture, may also be men- 

* The round numbers are here given. For the exact numbers, 
see Spafford's Gazetteer, published in 1824. 

What success attended these efforts ? 

What part of the population are engaged in agriculture ? 

What portion of the state ia under improvement 7 What are th« 

most important products 7 



MANUFACTURES. 243 

tiontid the fabrics of household manufacture. The quan- 
tity of cloth of various kinds manufactured in families, in 
1821, amounted to above 10,000,000 yards. 

Sec. v. Manufactures, Notwithstanding the 
competition of foreign manufactures, those of 
New York may be said to be in a flourishing 
condition. Iron and Salt are among the most 
important articles ; and the latter constitutes 
a valuable source of revenue to the state. In 
addition to the cloths made in famihesj exten- 
sive Cotton and Woollen manufactories furnish 
an immense quantity of these fabrics. The 
manufacture of flour is carried on to a great 
extent in most parts of the state ; and, in value, 
probably exceeds that of any other article. 

Among the articles of manufacture may 
likewise be enumerated 3IaU, and Distilled 
Liquors, Leather, Cordage, Refined Sugar, Glass, 
Paper, Eats, and Oil, In the newly settled 
parts of the state, large quantities of Pot and 
Pearl Ashes are annually made. The manu- 
facture of Porcelain has been recently com- 
menced in the city of New York. 

Owing to the imperfect returns, no very accurate state- 
ments can be made of the extent of manufacturing estab- 
lishments, or the amount of articles manufactured. Ac- 
cording to the returns of 1823, the capital engaged in 
manufactures was about 8,000,000, which must be far be- 
low the real amount. There were in 1823 above 10,000 
hydraulic machines employed on the streams which flow 
through the various sections of the state. Of these, 2140 
were flouring mills ; 184 cotton and woollen factories ; 
4321 saw mills; 139 oil mills; 993 fulling mills; and 
1235 carding machines. There were 184 iron works, 
1060 distilleries, and 1227 asheries. 

V. What is said of manufactures? Mention the most important 

articles. 

What amount of capital is invested? 



244 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Sec. VI. Commerce. New York has a widely 
extended commerce, which has of late been 
greatly augmented by the communications with 
the northern and western lakes. Its exports 
are more than those of any other state ; and 
its imports from foreign countries constitute 
above one-fifth of the entire imports of the 
United States. The amount of shipping em- 
ployed, including that on the river and lakes, 
and exclusive of small craft on the canals, is 
estimated at three hundred thousand tons. 

The most important articles exported, are wheat, pot 
and pearl ashes, Indian corn, rye, beef, pork, and lumber. 
A considerable portion of these exports are derived from 
the western parts of New England, and the eastern part 
of New Jersey. Since the completion of the western ca- 
nal, the commerce of a large part of Ohio, Upper Canada, 
and the country bordering on the great lakes, has been 
conducted through New York. Large quantities of iron 
and salt are annually exported for the consumption of the 
neighboring states. During the year 1827, 30,000 barrels 
of salt were shipped to the westward, from Buffalo. 

Sec. VII. Canals, The improvement of the 
internal navigation of the state, by means of 
canals and locks, was among the earliest en- 
terprises of its inhabitants. These works were, 
however, limited in extent, and confined to the 
improvement of natural streams. The canal 
and locks at Little Falls, on the Mohawk river, 
were completed in 1795; and those at Wolf 
Rift, with the canal connecting the Mohawk 
with Wood creek and the Oneida lake, in 1797- 

VI. What is said of the commerce of New York? Whatofits^ 

exports and imports ' What the amount of shipping ? 

Mention the most important articles of export. 

\'ii. What is said of the improv^ement of the internal navigation of 
the state ? 



CANALS. 



245 



Similar works were subsequently constructed 
on the Seneca river, at Seneca Falls and Wa- 
terloo. 

In 1810, the public attention began to be 
directed to more extensive improvements. The 
works now contemplated, embraced a canal 
communication between the navigable waters 
of the Hudson, and the western and northern 
lakes. The enterprise was undertaken by the 
state, and a system of energetic measures 
adopted for its prosecution. The Erie and 
Champlain Canals^ connecting the waters of 
those lakes with the Hudson, were coTnmenced 
in 1817. The Erie canal was completed in 
1823, at an expense of about eight millions of 
dollars, and is one of the most stupendous and 
magnificent works of the kind ever executed. 
The Champlain Canal was completed in 1823. 

The Erie Canal, extending from Albany to Buffalo, is 
40 feet wide on the surface, 28 on the bottom, 4 feet deep, 
and 362 miles in length, exclusive of side cuts and navi- 
gable feeders. The locks, 83 in number, are 15 feet wide 
between the gates, and 90 feet in length, and are con- 
structed of the most imperishable stone, laid in water ce- 
ment. The altitude of the water at the termination of the 
canal at Buffalo is 565 feet above that of the Hudson at 
Albany. The total of ascent and depression overcome by 
means of lockage, throughout the whole extent, is 688 feet. 
A tow-path is constructed on the bank of the canal, which 
is elevated from 2 to 4 feet above the surface of the water. 

The course of the Erie Canal, commencing at the Alba- 
ny Basin, is along the bank of the Hudson to Watervlictf 
where it receives a navigable feeder from the Mohawk^ 
constituting the communication with the Northern or 

What canals have been recently constructed ? What waters are 

connected by them ? 

Give a description of the Erie Canal. Of its course. 

21^ 



24G HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Champlain Canal. Thence it proceeds along the bank 
of the Mohawk, and crosses that river above the Cahoes 
Falls, by an aqueduct 1188 feet in length, supported by 
26 piers. It then continues about 12 miles on tlie north 
bank, after which it recrossss the Mohawk, 4 miles below 
Schenectadij , by an aqueduct 748 feet in length, 25 feet 
above the v/ater of the river, and supported by 16 piers. 
Thence it winds along the south bank of the river, through 
Schenectady and Utica to Rome. At Little Falls,, the 
Erie is connected with the Old Canal, by a stone aqueduct 
across the Mohawk, 170 feet in length, and supported by 
three arches. The Utica Level, 69 1-2 miles in length, 
without a single lock, commences at Frankfort, 9 miles 
east of Utica, and, proceeding through that village. Whites- 
town, Rom^, Verona, Sullivan, and Manlius, terminates 
in the town of Salina, and near the village of Syracuse. 
During this course, it passes the Sauquait, Oriscany, 
Oneida, Canastota, Chitteningo, and Limestone Creeks, 
by aqueducts of various extent. It then proceeds through 
the village of Syracuse, and crosses the Skeneateles Out- 
let, by a stone aqueduct, supported by 3 arches ; and the 
Ov/asco Creek, by an aqueduct of 4 arches, to Montezuma; 
thence through the Cayuga Marshes, the villages of Clyde 
and Lyons, and, passing Mud Creek, by a stone aqueduct, 
90 feet in length, continues through Palmyra, Pittsford, 
and Rochester, to Lockport. At Pittsford, it crosses the 
Irondequot Creek, on a stupendous embankment, 72 feet 
in height. At Rochester, it crosses the Genesee river, 
by a stone aqueduct, of superior architecture, 530 feet in 
length. Between Rochester and Lockport, the canal 
passes Geveral deep ravines, by aqueducts and embank- 
1. ents. At Lockport, is an ascent of 60 feet, overcome 
by 5 double combined locks, to the Mountain Ridge, 
through which the canal passes, by a deep excavation, to 
the T'onewanda Creek. It then enters the creek, and 
continues along its channel to its mouth, where a dam is 
erected 4 1-2 feet in height, and proceeds along theshore_ 
of the Niagara river and Lake Erie, to its termination at 
Buft^lo. 

Mention the most imjyortant places through which it passes. 



CANALS. 247 

Connected with the canal, a pier of great length has 
been constructed in the Niagara river, at Black Rock, for 
the purpose of forming a harbor at that place, and supply- 
ing water for the summit level. The water of Lake Erie 
continues in the canal to Montezuma. Thence there is 
an ascent to the Jordan summit, from which the canal 
descends to the level of Syracuse. It then ascends to the 
Utica summit, from which is a continuous descent to the 
Hudson. 

The canal debt, in 1826, amounted to $7,602,000 ; the 
receipts of tolls on the canal the same year, to $750,000; 
and the revenue from salt, and auction duties, belonging 
to the canal fund, to $420,000. The tolls, in 1827, 
amounted to $859,000. It is estimated, that the revenues 
arising from tolls and the canal fund, will, resides paying 
the interest, extinguish the canal debt in ten years, dating 
from 1826. 

The Champlain Canal, connecting the Erie Canal and 
Hudson's river with Lake Champlain, is 71 miles in length, 
and was constructed at an expense of $875,000. Com- 
mencing at the junction in Watervliet, its course is north- 
ward across the Mohawk, which it passes by a dam into 
Waterford, and continues along the west bank of the 
Hudson to Northumberland, where it enters the river. It 
continues in the river to Fort Miller, where it is taken 
out, and carried round the Falls on the east bank, after 
which it reenters the river, and continues in the channel 
to Fort Edward. Here it is again taken out on the east 
bank, and proceeds through Fort Edward and Kingsbury, 
to Fort Anne Village, where it enters Wood Creek. 
Thence it continues in the channel of the creek about 6 
miles, and is then taken out on the west bank, and pro- 
ceeds northward 5 1-2 miles, to its termination, at the 
village of Whitehall. The summit level, between Fort 
Edward and Fort Anne, has an elevation of 140 feet above 
the tide water of the Hudson, and 54 above the water of 
Lake Champlain. It is supplied by a feeder at Fort Ed- 
ward, from the waters of the Hudson, which are raised 27 
feet by a dam across that stream, 900 feet in length. 

What caji you say of the Champlain Canal? 



24S HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

Connected with the canal is also a dam across the Hudson^ 
with a sloop lock, at Troy, which cost $92,-270. The 
canal communicates with these works by a descent of 3 
locks into the Mohawk, below the dam on that river, at 
Waterford. The tolls received on this canal, ia 1827, 
amounted to $72,833. 

The Delaware and Hudson Canal is partly in this state. 
It commences on the Hudson, at Kingston, and proceeds 
in a southwest direction, through the valley of the Never- 
sink Creek to the Delaware river ; thence up the valleys 
of the Delaware river and Lockowaxen creek, to the 
Mauch Chunk Railway. This canal will be highly im- 
portant in supplying New York with Coal from the mines 
in Pennsylvania. 

Sec. VIII. Banks, There are above forty 
Banks in this state, possessing a large amount 
of real, and a still larger amount of nominal 
capital. In IBll, there were fifteen banks, — 
tlie capitals of which amounted to j$fl 1,840,000. 
Of these, five were in the city of New York, — 
the capitals of which amounted to :^8,050,000. 
In 1819, the aggregate capital of thirty of the 
banks in this state amounted to ^24,000,000. 

Sec. IX. Militia, The militia comprises, 
with few exceptions, all the able-bodied white 
male citizens between the ages of eighteen and 
fortyfive years. The enrolled militia, at this 
time, amounts to about one hundred and fifty 
thousand men, and are well organized and pro- 
vided with arms. Twelve arsenals are located 
in various sections of the state, and supplied 
with military stores. 

According to the returns of 1823, the enrolled militia, 
at that time, amounted to 146,709 : of these, 132,639 were 

What can you say »fthe Delaware and Hudson Canal? 

Till What is said of Banks ? 

IX. What does the militia comprise? What number ? 



EDUCA-TION AND LITERARY INSTITUTIONS. 249 

infantry; 8622 artillery; and 5448 cavalry. They were 
divided into 27 divisions, which were subdivided into 61 
brigades, 243 regiments, and 2012 companies. The ar- 
senals are located at New York, Albany, Whitehall, 
Plattsburgh, Elizabethtown, Malone, Russel, Watertown, 
Rome, Onondaga, Canandaigua, and Batavia. 

Sec. X. Education and Literary Institutions, 
The facilities for education are in no country 
more extensively enjoyed, or more highly ap- 
preciated, than in New York. The " Regents 
of the University,'' instituted in 1787, constitute 
a corporation of twentyone members, to whom 
is entrusted the care of the literature of the 
state. It is their duty to visit colleges, acade- 
mies, and schools, and to superintend the sys- 
tem of education. They meet annually, at 
Albany, and report to the legislature the state 
of literary institutions. They are authorized 
to incorporate colleges and academies, and 
have the direction and distribution of the funds 
appropriated to literary institutions. 

Six colleges, including those for physicians 
and surgeons, have been estabhshed in this 
state, and liberally endowed. Columbia Col- 
lege, in the city of New York, Union College, 
at Schenectady, and Hamilton College, at Pans, 
Oneida county, are all useful and highly flour- 
ishing institutions. The college at Geneva 
has been recently established. The college 
of physicians and surgeons, in the city of New 
York, is surpassed by no institution of the kind 

Where are arsevtdls located? 

X. What is said of education ? Of the Regents of the Universi- 
ty ?-: — How many colleges are in this state, and at what places are 
they located ? 



250 HISTORy OF NEW YORK. 

in America ; that at Fairfield is highly respect- 
able. There are thirty six incorporated acade- 
mies, located in various parts of the state, and 
about eight thousand common schools. In 
these seminaries four hundred thousand chil- 
dren and youth are annually educated. 

Coliwibia College wdiS founded in 1757; and, till the 
revolution, had the name of King's College. It has a 
president, 5 professors, a considerable library, and valua- 
ble philosopliical apparatus. This institution has been 
richly endowed, and has about 140 students. 

Union College was incorporated by the Regents of the 
University in 1794. It has a president and 4 professors, 
a library of above 5000 volumes, and a complete chemical 
and philosophical apparatus. The number of students is 
about 250. The funds of the institution, in 1796, amounted 
to about 850,000 ; and, since that period, it has received, 
besides other grants from the legislature, a grant by lotte- 
ry of about ^90,000. 

Hamilton College was incorporated by the Regents of 
the University in 1812. About 850,000 v/ere subscribed 
by individuals, and the same sum granted by the legisla- 
ture to constitute the funds of the seminary. Since that 
period, the funds have received an addition of 850,000 by 
indirect grants of the legislature. It has 3 professors, 2 
tutors, a library of above 2000 volumes, with a good chemi- 
cal and philosophical apparatus. It is situated in the heart 
of one of the most populous and flourishing sections of the 
state, and promises to become, at no very distant period, 
one of the most important institutions in the country. 

The Presbyterians have a Theological Semina7-7j at 
Auburn ; the Baptists, at Hamilton ; and the Episcopal 
Church, in the city of New York. Of the Incorporated 
Acad'/mies, Albany, Cayuga, Clinton, Lansingburgh, 
Montgomery, Duchess, Union Hall, Wbitesborough, Eras- 
How many academies ? Common schools ? 

WJiat is said of Columbia College ?- Of Union College ? 

Of Hamilton College? What Theological Seminaries are 7nen- 

tioned, and ivhere located 7 Mention some of the principal 

academies. 



RELIGION — POPULATION. 251 

mus Hall, Geneva, Hudson, St Lawrence, Hartwick, Mid- 
dlebury, Lawville, Oxford, Pompey, Canandaigua, Cam- 
bridge, and Ballston, are the most important. There are 
likewise a large number of Private Schools established in 
various parts of the state, many of which are highly re- 
spectable. Above $6000, the revenue arising from the 
Literature Fund, is annually distributed by the Regents 
of the University among the incorporated academies, in 
proportion to the number of classical students. Near 
8200,000, derived from the Common School Fund, and 
district or town taxes, are annually appropriated to the 
support of Common Schools.* 

Sec. XI. Religion. In New York, the in- 
stitutions of the Christian Religion are very 
generally regarded. The constitution makes 
no provision for its support, but secures to eve- 
ry man the free use and enjoyment of religious 
profession and worship, according to the dic- 
tates of his own conscience. The clergy are 
supported by the voluntary contributions of the 
people, and are excluded from holding offices 
under the government. The principal denomi- 
nations are, General Assembly Presbyterians, 
Associate Reformed Presbyterians, Dutch Re- 
formed Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Baptists, 
Methodists, Friends, and Lutherans. Above 
three thousand churches are occupied by the 
several denominations for religious worship. 

Sec. XII. Population. New York contains 
a population principally descended from Hol- 
land, Great Britain, France, and Germany, of 

* III 1S23, the sum amounted to $-132,802 25. 

What amount is annually/ appropriated for the support of Com- 
mon Schools? 

XI. Vv'hat is said of Religion ? Mention the principal denomina- 
tions. 

XII. What is said of the population of New York ? 



252 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

about 1,800,000. During the early period of 
its history, the progress of population was re- 
tarded by the disadvantages of a location re- 
mote from the civilized world, and surrounded 
by a jealous, savage, and revengeful people. 
At the close of the first 50 years after its set- 
tlement, the European population was only 
5000 ; and, at the close of the first century, 
about 50,000. In 1756, it amounted to near 
100,000 ; and has since that period increased 
with astonishing rapidity. In 1800, it was 
586,000; in 1810,959,000; in 1820,1,372,- 
000; and in 1825, 1,616,000. According to 
this ratio of increase, the number, in 1830, will 
amount to 2,000,000. 

The original Indian population has been ra- 
pidly disappearing since the European settle- 
ments ; and has now become extinct in most 
parts of the state. About 5000, the remains 
of the Confederated Iroquois, are all that sur- 
vive of these once populous and powerful tribes. 
The Oneidas reside on the reservation near 
Utica ; the Senecas and Onondagas, on the 
Buffalo and Cattaraugus Creek reservations ; 
and their adopted brethren, the Tuscaroras, at 
Lewiston. The Mohawks have retired to tip- 
per Canada. 

Sec. XIII. Character. The people of New 
York, consisting of emigrants, or the descend- 
ants of emigrants, from most of the European 

What, at an early period, impeded its progress r Wliat can you 

say of its increase? What of the Indian popula^tion? What 

number survive, and where do they reside ? 

XIII. What is said of the character of the people ? 



CHARACTER. 253 

States, can hardly be said, at this period, to 
have estabUshed a national character. They 
all retain, in a greater or less degree, the dis- 
tinguishing characteristics of the particular 
nation from which they originated. The Dutch, 
being the earliest settlers, imparted a bias to 
the others, which is still perceptible, and, pro- 
bably, will long continue. 

New York has furnished her full proportion 
in the bright catalogue of American worthies^ 
and has ever been distinguished for patriotism 
and attachment to fteedom. In the progress 
of the common and liberal arts, and in devel- 
oping and improving her natural resources, she 
has been surpassed by none of the United 
States. The activity everywhere apparent in 
her cities and villages, the high state of culti- 
vation, and the neatness and order, exhibited 
in most sections of the country; above all, the 
great works of internal improvement, which 
have been executed, particularly within the 
last ten years, sufficiently attest the industry 
and enterprise of her inhabitants. 

For what have they been distinguished ? "What is said in regard 

to industry and enterprise ? 



23 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES* 



Sketches of the lives and characters of so^ne 
distinguished men in the colony and state 
of New York. 

GEORGE CLINTON. 

George Clinton was born in July, 1739, in the precinct 
of the highlands, in the county of Ulster, now the town 
of New Windsor, in the county of Orange. 

At an early age, he displayed that spirit of enterprise 
and energy of character, which distinguished his conduct 
through life. During the French war, he entered on board 
a privateer, which sailed from the port of New York ; and, 
after undergoing great dangers and hardships, returned, 
and accepted the commission of a lieutenant, in a compa- 
ny commanded by his brother James. This company 
composed part of a regiment commanded by his father ; 
and which, united with other forces under Col. Bradstrect, 
captured Fort Frontenac, now Kingston, near the mouth 
of Lake Ontario. During this expedition, Capt. Clinton's 
company signalized itself by attacking a French sloop of 
war, which annoyed the army in its descent down the 
lake ; and which, after a bloody engagement, was com- 
pelled to strike its colors. 

After this campaign, he commenced the studies pre- 
paratory for the legal profession ; and, in 1764, was ad- 
mitted to the bar of the supreme court. He established 
himself in his native county, where he practised with 
great reputation and success. He had previously filled 
the office of clerk of Ulster county, to which he was ap- 
pointed by Gov. Clinton, the father of Sir Henry Clinton.. 

He was soon after chosen a member of the colonial as- 
sembly, after a violent struggle, and a formidable opposi- 
•on from all the influence of the crown. He immediately 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 255 

became the head of the whig party in this assembly, where 
be continued usefully and actively employed until the re- 
volution, on the side of the people, defying the frowns of 
power, spurning the seductions of corruption and intrigue, 
and displaying the resources of a powerful intellect, and 
the energies of undaunted patriotism. 

In April, 1775, he was appointed a delegate to the con- 
tinental congress, and took his seat in that body in May 
following. In January, 1776, he attended an adjourned 
meeting, having been continued in office by the provincial 
convention which assembled in New York in December 
of the preceding year. In 177G, he was also appointed 
brigadier general of the militia of Ulster county ; and, 
some time after, a brigadier in the army of the United 
States. 

At the first election under the constitution of the state, 
he was chosen both governor and lieutenant governor. 
On his acceptance of the former office, the venerable 
Pierre Van Cortland was elected to the latter. After having 
been- continued in the office of governor, by six triennial 
elections, for the term of eighteen years, Mr Clinton de- 
clined another election, and published an address to the 
freeholders of the state, stating, that his respect for the 
republican principle of rotation in office, would no longer 
permit him to fill his recent honorable station. 

During the revolutionary war, his situation, as chief 
magistrate of the state of New York, owing to its exposure 
to the incursions of the enemy, was the most arduous, 
critical, and important of any office in the new empire, 
except that of commander in chief of the army. In all 
the trying exigencies of that protracted confiict, he main- 
tained his well earned reputation for patriotism and intre- 
pidity. The actual, as well as the nominal head of the 
state militia, he was seen at one period driving the enemy 
into the forests of the west, at another time meeting him 
on the frontier and chastising his temerity. 

His energy and decision were very remarkable. At 
the conclusion of the revolutionary war, when violence 
against the tories was the order of the day, a British offi- 
cer was placed on a cart, in the city of New York, to be 
tarred and feathered. This was the signal for violence 
and assassination. Gov. Clinton, at this moment, deter 

( 



256 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

mined in his purpose, rushed in among the mob with a 
drawn sword, and rescued the victi;!i. 

Some years after, a furious assemblage of people col- 
lected, called the doctors' mob, and raged through New 
York, with intentions to kill the physicians of that city, 
and pull down their houses, for having dug up bodies for 
dissection. This mob was inconceivably terrible, and, by 
their violence, intimidated the local magistracy. Gov. 
Clinton fortunately appeared in person, called out the 
militia, and restored peace to tlie city. 

After a retirement of five years from public life, Mr 
Clinton was called by the citizens of New York to repre- 
sent them in the assembly of the state. In 1801, he was 
again prevailed upon to accept of a reelection as governor, 
and after continuing in that office for three years, he was 
elected Vice President of the United States, in which sta- 
tion he continued until his decease, which took place on 
the 20th of April, !8I2, at the city of Washington. 

Gov. Clinton's conduct was amiable in private, as it was 
dignified in public life. No man felt more powerfully the 
charities of the love of his family and associates. In all 
the vicissitudes of an eventful career, he never abandoned 
a faithful friend. And while he made it a sacred rule to 
disregard the claims of consanguinity in the dispensation 
of patronage, his virtuous adherents, who were connected 
with him by the kindred feelings of patriotism and the 
sympathies of friendship, never failed to experience the 
full extent of his liberality. 

As a public character, he will live in the veneration of 
posterity, and the progress of time will thicken the laurels 
that surround his monument. The characteristic virtues, 
which distinguished his life, appeared in full splendor in 
the tryincr hour of death ; and he died as he lived — with- 
out fear and without reproach. 



JAMES CLINTON. 

James Clinton, brother to the preceding, was born in 
Ulster county, August, 1736, and received the advantages 
of a superior education. The predominant inclination of 
his mind was for a military life. After having success- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 257 

fully held SQ,veral offices in the militia and provincial 
troops, he was, in 1763, appointed by Lieut. Gov. Golden 
captain commandant of the four companies in the pay of 
the province of New York, raised for the defence of the 
western frontiers of the counties of Ulster and Orange ; 
and, in 1774, lieutenant colonel of the miliiia in Ulster 
county. In the French war of 1756, he was a captain 
under Col. Bradstreet at the capture of Fort Frontenac, 
and rendered important service in that expedition, par- 
ticularly, by the capture of a French sloop of war on Lake 
Oiitario, which impeded the progress of the army. 

At the commencement of the revolution in 1775, he was 
appointed by the continental congress colonel of the 3d 
regiment of the New York forces. He was the same year 
appointed, by the provincial congress of New York, colonel 
of the militia foot in Ulster county ; and, in March 1776, 
by the continental congress, colonel of the 2d battalion of 
New York troops ; and, in August, a brigadier general in 
the army of the United States. In this station, he con- 
tinued during the greater part of the war, having the com- 
mand of the New York line, or the troops of this state, 
and at its close was constituted a major general. In 1775, 
his regiment composed part of the army, which invaded 
Canada under Montgomery ; and, in 1777, he commanded 
at Fort Clinton, which with Fort Montgomery constituted 
the defence of the Hudson river against the ascent of the 
enemy. When these forts were stormed by the enemy 
under Sir Henry Clinton, Gen. James Clinton, with his 
brother, then governor, made a desperate, but ineffectual 
resistance. During a considerable part of the war he 
was stationed at Albany, where he commanded in the 
northern department, a place of high responsibility, and 
requiring uncommon vigilance and constant exertion. He 
took part in the expedition against the Indians in 1779 
and was present at the capture of Cornwaliis at Yorktown, 
where he distinguished himself by his usual intrepidity. 
His last appearance in arms was on the evacuation of the 
city of New York, where he bid the commander in chief 
a final and affectionate farewell, and retired to his estates. 
He was, however, frequently called from his retirement 
by the unsolicited voice of his fellow-citizens. He was 
23* 



25S HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

appointed a commissioner to adjust the boundary line be- 
tween Pennsylvania and New York, and was selected by 
the legislature for an interesting mission to settle contro- 
versies respecting lands in the west. He represented his 
native county in the assembly, and in the convention that 
adopted the present constitution of the United States. He 
was elected, without opposition, a senator from the middle 
district, and a delegate to the convention of 1801, for the 
purpose of amending the state constitution, all of which 
trusts he executed with integrity and ability, and to the 
perfect satisfaction of his constituents. His temper was 
mild and affectionate ; but when roused by unprovoked 
insult, or unmerited injury, he exhibited extraordinary 
energy. He died in December, 1812, in the 76th year 
of his age, and was interred in the family burial place, at 
Little Britain, in Orange county.* 



DE WITT CLINTON. 

De Witt Clinton was born in 1 769, at the residence of 
his father. Gen. James Clinton, New Windsor, Orange 
Co. in this state, and received his early education at a 
grammar school in a neighboring village called Stonefield, 
under the care of the Rev. John Moffat, from which he 
was transferred at the age of thirteen, to an academy at 
Kingston, then conducted by Mr John Addison. He 
remained here until he was prepared to enter the junior 
class of Columbia college in 1784, and was graduated a 
Bachelor of Arts, at the first public commencement held 
in this institution after the close of the revolutionary war, 
being adjudged worthy to receive the honor of delivering 
the Latin salutatory address, an honor always conferred 
on the best classic scholar of the year. 

He commenced the study of the law in 1786, with 
Samuel Jones, Esq., a celebrated counsellor, second to 
none of his profession for profound and extensive know- 
ledge. Mr Clinton received the usual licences or degrees 
in tlie law, but was abruptly called off from the further 
cultivation of the pursuit, by circumstances arising from 
the situation of political affairs in the state of New York. 
* Lord. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 259 

The germs of the two great parties which have since 
divided the country, were at that time beginning to appear. 
His uncle, George Clinton, then governor of the state, 
was assailed by a combination of almost all the talents of 
that section of the country ; and pamphlets and newspa- 
per essays were poured upon the public with unrestrained 
profusion. Mr Clinton, relinquishing every other pursuit, 
entered warmly and exclusively into the vindication of 
the conduct and principles of his uncle ; and it is believed 
that the greater part of the controversial politics on that 
side, was managed by him during this period of turbulence 
and irritation. He continued with his uncle, as his 
secretary, during his administration, which ended in 1795. 
The governor declined a re-election, not only on account 
of the ill state of his health, but from his observance also 
of the republican rule of rotation in otfice. Mr Clinton 
had been honored, while with his venerable uncle, with 
the office of secretary of the University, and of the Board 
of Fortifications of New York. Upon the retirement of 
the governor, Mr Clinton also withdrew from public life. 
But his efforts, as an individual, in rallying and supporting 
the party of which he might then have been considered 
the leader, were not for a moment remitted. To do this 
with effect, however, it seemed necessary that he should 
be placed in a public station ; and accordingly, 1798 he 
was elected a member of the assembly of this state from 
the city of New York, and in 1800 was chosen a senator 
from the southern district, and a member of the council 
of appointment. From the senate of this state, by a joint 
ballot of both branches of the legislature, he was elected 
to a seat in the senate of the United States, where he took 
an active interest in the concerns of the country, in rela- 
tion to the differences then existing with the Spanish 
authorities at New Orleans. His continuance in that 
august body, however, was short, as on receiving the 
appointment of Mayor of New York, in October, 1803, 
it became necessary that he should resign it, the duties of 
the two offices being by law incompatible. In the office 
of Mayor he was continued by annual appointment until 
March, 1807, when by reason of one of those changes of 
party which occasionally occur, and are more in appear- 
ance than in reality, and not inappropriately designated 



260 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

by the term political mirage, he was superseded and 
remained out of office eleven months, as he was appointed 
Mayor again by the council, in February, 1808. His 
term of office, at this time, was a little more than two 
years, when another partial party change again removed 
him, and he remained out of office another term of eleven 
months! In February, 1811, he was again, and for the 
third time, appointed Mayor, and he continued in office 
by yearly appointment until the 20th of March, 1815, a 
term which included the whole period of the late war. 
It is worthy of remark that a political change in the state, 
in 1813, caused an almost entire change in its civil com- 
missions, and in conformity with that rule of proscription 
which seemed to have assumed as its basis, that so soon 
as a party were in a minority, every individual belonging 
to it was disqualified for any official trust, Mr Clinton 
would have been removed from office ; but so great was 
the measure of confidence which the public reposed in 
him, that his political opponents petitioned their own 
friends for his re-appointment in place of his removal, so 
that the virulence of party was disarmed by a conscious- 
ness of his peculiar fitness for the station. 

During the last term of his mayoralty, he was elected 
lieutenant-governor of the state, in the place of the Hon. 
John Broome, deceased, and he continued to officiate both 
as President of the Senate and Mayor of the city for two 
years, viz. from 1811 to 1813. In the spring of 1815 he 
was again superseded, and deprived of all his public em- 
ployments except that of canal commissioner. In 1817, 
Mr Clinton was elected the Governor of the State, and at 
the expiration of the term for which he was chosen, viz. 
1820, he was re-elected and served till the adoption of 
the new state constitution which took effect from the 
commencement of the year 1823, and shortened the 
ordinary term of office by six months. In the autumn 
1822, he declined another nomination, and returned to 
the pursuits of private life, holding only the office of a 
canal commissioner ; from which he was removed in the 
spring of 1824, by a vote of the legislature, which the 
people rebuked in a most emphatic manner six months 
afterwards, by again electing him their Governor, and by 
the largest majority ever known in this state, in a contest- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 2G1 

ed election ; and he continued to exercise the office to 
the last hour of his valuable life. He died suddenly in 
the full possession of all his mental vigor on the evening 
of the ilth of February last, without having been at any 
time sensible of any premonitory evidence of approaching 
dissolution. 

As a citizen, useful, active, and meritorious, he was 
second, probably, to no man in the United States. — In the 
great and growing state and city of which he was a native 
and resident, no man has stamped his name, his genius, 
and his services on more monuments of public munificence 
and private utility. 

His mind and cast of thought were of the finest order, 
partaking less of the Machiavelian than the Roman school, 
and exhibiting a great portion of innate dignity and the 
fortiter in re than are at all times convenient or advantage- 
ous to a candidate for popular suffrages In every station 
he distinguished himself by his talents, his integrity, and 
his despatch of business. His reading was multifarious, 
indefatigable, well-directed and profitable ; for his judg- 
ment digested and his memory retained the collected 
knowledge of every hour, allowed from his numerous 
avocations for study and reflection. 

In religion, he was neither a bigoted sectarian, nor 
scoffer at the superstitious. Reverencing the great prin- 
ciples and duties of rational piety, he cherished the 
dictates of devotion in all, and respected the tenets and 
honest singularities of the most peculiar. — Establishing 
no exclusive denomination over others, he would tolerate 
every class of sincere professors, and protect them in a 
liberal exercise of their ideas of divine worship. His 
charities have principally kept pace with his ability; his 
pecuniary aid, and his friendly advice and assistance, were 
always at the service of indigence, virtue, benevolence, 
literature, the arts, and public utility. If the circle of 
his confidential associates was contracted, it was not 
because he discarded attachments when they ceased to 
be profitable. In his intercourse with the various classes 
of his fellow-citizens, to which his universal knowledge 
of business called him, his suavity of disposition and 
urbanity of manners banished every idea of fastidious 



262 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

reserve and austerity of demeanor, and rendered his 
presence desirable and his co-operation sought for on 
every humane and laudable occasion. 

Mr Clinton's personal appearance was dignified and 
commanding. His form was large and well proportioned 
— his height above the middle size — his countenance was 
highly expressive — his eye uncommonly penetrating — his 
personal courage never was disputed. His moral charac- 
ter was unsullied. He has been called ambitious, it is 
true ; but the v/hole course of his life serves to prove that 
he has devoted his talents to his country. He desired to 
excel, only that he might benefit mankind. In private 
life and domestic duties, he was amiable and exemplary — 
exhibiting the picture of a great man — an elegant and 
profound scholar and a practical citizen — a man of letters 
and of the world, and a character of active worth to the 
present generation, and of solid and permanent advantage 
to posterity.* 



WILLIAM FLOYD. 

William Floyd was born on the seventeenth of Decem- 
ber, 1734; and was the son af an opulent and respectable 
landholder, in the county of Suifolk, upon Long Island. 
His education, though liberal for the times, was chiefly 
confined to the useful branches of knowledge ; and was 
hardly completed, when he was called upon, by the death 
of his father, to assume the management of his patrimonial 
estate. His early life was spent in the circle of an exten- 
sive family connexion, which comprised the most respec- 
table families in the county. 

He early embarked in the controversy with Great Britain, 
^nd was appointed one of the delegates, from New York, 
Mthe first continental congress, which met in Philadelphia, 
in 1774. In that patriotic and venerable assembly, he 
was associated with men whose names are identified with 
their country's birth, and will long be cherished in grate- 
ful remembrance. He was reelected in 1775, and, in 

* Delaplaine's Repository. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 263 

1777, was appointed a senator of the state of New York, 
and took his seat at the first session under the new consti- 
tution. He was, by subsequent appointments, continued 
in high public stations during the greater part of his life. 
During his long attendance in the councils of the general 
and state governments, he maintained a high and enviable 
rank. The frequent and constant proofs of popular favor, 
which he received for more than fifty years, afibrd the 
most flattering commentary upon his public character. 

After having enjoyed, for eightyseven years, a life of 
almost uninterrupted health, he expired on the fourth of 
August, 1821. 

In private life, he was fond of society, but always ob- 
served a measured decorum, which repressed familiarity, 
and chilled every approach of intimacy. He was highly 
respected in the society in which he lived, and has left to 
his descendants a name of which they will long be proud.* 



ROBERT FULTON. 

'Robert Fulton, eminent as the inventor of steam-boats, 
was born in the town of Little Britain, Lancaster county, 
Pennsylvania, 1765. His parents, who were Irish, were 
respectable, and gave him a common English education 
at Lancaster. He early exhibited a superior talent for 
mechanism and painting, and in his eighteenth year es- 
tablished himself in the latter employment in Philadelphia, 
and obtained much credit and emolument by his portraits 
and landscapes. On entering his 2'2d year he went to 
England, for the purpose of improving his knowledge of 
that art, and was received into the family of Mr West, 
with whom he spent several years, and cultivated a warm 
friendship. After leaving that family, he employed two 
years in Devonshire as a painter, and there became ac- 
quainted with the duke of Bridgewater, and lord Stanhope, 
the former famous for his canals, and the latter for his 
love of the mechanic arts. He soon turned his attention 
to mechanics, particularly to the improvement of inland 

* SaiKJerson. 



264 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

navigation by canals, and the use of steam for the propel- 
ling of boats ; and in 1794 obtained patents for a double 
inclined plane, to be used for transportation, and an in- 
strument to be employed in excavating canals. He at this 
time professed himself a civil engineer, and published a 
treatise on canal navigation. He soon after went to 
France, and obtained a patent from the government for 
the improvements he had invented. He spent the suc- 
ceeding seven years in Paris, in the family of Mr Joel 
Barlow, during which period he made himself acquainted 
with the French, Italian, and German languages, and soon 
acquired a knowledge of the high mathematics, physics, 
chymistry, and perspective. He soon turned his atteniton 
to submarine navigation and explosion, and in 1801, un- 
der the patronage of the first consul, constructed a plung- 
ing boat, and torpedoes, (differing materially from Bush- 
nel's invention, with which he was acquainted,) with which 
he performed many experiments in the harbor of Brest, 
, demonstrating the practicability of employing subaquatic 
explosion and navigation for the destruction of vessels. 
These inventions attracted the attention of the British 
government, and overtures were made to him by the min- 
istry which induced him to go to London, with the hope 
that they would avail themselves of his machines ; but a 
demonstration of their efficacy which he gave the ministry, 
by blowing up a vessel in their presence, led them to wish 
to suppress the invention rather than "encourage it ; and 
accordingly they declined patronising him. During this 
period he also made many efforts to discover a method of 
successfully using the steam engine for the propelling of 
boats, and as early as 1793, made such experiments as 
inspired him with great confidence in its practicability. 
Robert R. Livingston, Esq. chancellor of New York, and 
minister of the United States to the French court, on his 
arrival in France, induced him to renew his attention to 
this subject, and embarked with him in making experi- 
ments for the purpose of satisfying themselves of the pos- 
sibility of employing steam in navigation. Mr Fulton 
engaged with intense interest in the trial, and in 1803, 
constructed a boat on the river Seine, at their joint ex- 
pense, by which he fully evinced the practicability of pro- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 2G5 

pelling boats by that agent. He immediately resolved to 
enrich his country with this invaluable discovery, and on 
returning to New York in 1806, commenced, in conjunc- 
tion with Mr Livingston, the construction of the first Ful- 
ton boat, which was launched in the spring of 1807 from 
the ship-yard of Charles Browne, New York, and com- 
pleted in August. This boat, which was called the Cler- 
mont, demonstrated on the first experiment, to a host of, 
at first incredulous, but at length astonished spectators, 
the correctness of his expectations, and the value of his 
invention. Between this period and his death he super- 
intended the erection of fourteen other steam vessels, and 
made great improvements in their construction. He ob- 
tained a patent for his inventions in navigation by steam 
in February, 1809, and another for some improvements in 
1811. In the latter year he was appointed by the legisla- 
ture of New York, one of the commissioners to explore* a 
route for a canal from the great lakes to the Hudson, and 
engaged with zeal in the promotion of that great work. 
On the commencement of hostilities between the United 
States and Great Britain in 1812, he renewed his atten- 
tion to submarine warfare, and contrived a method of dis- 
charging guns under water, for which he obtained a patent. 
In 1814 he contrived an armed steam ship for the defence 
of the harbor of New York, and also a submarine vessel, 
or plunging boat, of such dimensions as to carry 100 men, 
the plans of which being approved by government he was 
authorized to construct them at the public expense. But 
before completing either of those works, he died suddenly, 
February 24th, 1815. His person was tall, slender, and 
well formed, his manners graceful and dignified, and his 
disposition generous. His attainments and inventions 
bespeak the high superiority of his talents. He was an 
accomplished painter, was profoundly versed in mechanics, 
and possessed an invention of great fertility, and which 
was always directed by an eminent share of good sense. 
His style as a writer was perspicuous and energetic. To 
him is to be ascribed the honor of inventing a method of 
successfully employing the steam engine in navigation, an 
invention justly considered one of the most important 
which has been made in modern ages, and bv wliich he 
23 



266 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

rendered himself both a perpetual and one of the greatest 
benefactors of mankind. He was not indeed the first who 
conceived it to be possible ; others had believed its prac- 
ticability, and made many attempts to propel boats by 
steam, but having neither his genius, his knowledge, nor 
his perseverance, they were totally unsuccessful. Mr 
Fulton was familiarly acquainted with many of the most 
distinguished literary and political characters both of the 
United States and of Europe, was a director of the Ameri- 
can academy of fine arts, and a member of several literary 
and philosophical societies.* 



ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 

Gen. Alexander Hamilton was a native of the island of 
St. Croix, and was born in 1757. His father was the 
youngest son of an English family, and his mother was 
an American. At the age of sixteen, he accompanied 
his mother to New York, and entered a student of Colum- 
bia college, in which he continued about three years. 
While a member of this institution, the first buddings of 
his intellect gave presages of his future eminence. 

The contest with Great Britain called forth the first 
talents on each side, and his juvenile pen asserted the 
claims of the colonies against very respectable writers. 
His papers exhibited such evidence of intellect and wis- 
dom, that they were ascribed to Mr Jay, and when the 
truth was discovered, America saw with astonishment a 
lad of seventeen in the list of her able advocates. 

At the age of eighteen, he entered the American army, 
as an officer of artillery. It was not long before he at- 
tracted the notice of Washington, who in 1777 selected 
him as an aid, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. His 
sound understanding, comprehensive views, application, 
and promptitude, soon gained him the entire confidence 
of his patron. 

By intercourse with Washington, by surveying his 
plans, observing his consummate prudence, and by a minute 

* Lord. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 267 

inspection of the springs of national operations, he be- 
came fitted for command. Throughout the campaign, 
which terminated in the capture of Lord CornwalHs, Col, 
Hamilton commanded a battalion of light infantry, and 
signally distinguished himself at the siege of York. 

Soon after the capture of Cornwallis, Hamilton, at the 
age of twentyfive, applied to the study of law. In this 
profession, he soon rose to distinction. A few years after, 
more important concerns demanded his talents. He was 
appointed, in 1787, a member of the federal convention 
for New York, and assisted in forming the constitution 
of our country. By his pen, in the papers signed Publius, 
and by his voice in the convention of New York, he con- 
tributed much to its adoption. 

Upon the organization of the government in 1789, 
Washington placed him at the head of the treasury. In 
the new demands, which were now made upon his talents, 
the resources of his mind did not fail him. The integri- 
ty and ability, with which he conducted the department 
of finance, effectually relieved the national embarrassments. 

When a provisional army was raised in 1798, in con- 
sequence of the injuries and demands of France, Wash- 
ington suspended his acceptance of the command of it, 
on the condition that Hamilton should be his associate, and 
the second in command. This arrangement was accord- 
ingly made. After the adjustment of our dispute with the 
French republic, and the discharge of the army, he re- 
turned again to his profession in the city of New York, 
where he passed the remainder of his days. 

In June, 1804, Col. Burr, vice president of the United 
States, addressed a letter to Gen. Hamilton, requiring his 
acknowledgment or denial of the use of any expression 
derogatory to the honor of the former. This demand 
was deemed inadmissible, and a duel was the consequence. 
The parties met at Hoboken, on the morning of Wednes- 
day, July the 1 1th, and Hamilton fell on the same spot, 
where his son, a few years before, had fallen, in obedience 
to the same principle of honor. 

He was carried into the city, where, after expressing 
his regret for this last act of his life, his penitence, and 
faith in the Saviour, he received the sacrament of the 



268 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

communion ; and expired about two o'clock on Thursday 
July 12, aged fortyseven years. 

Gen. Hamilton possessed very uncommon powers of mind. 
To whatever subject he directed his attention, he was able 
to grasp it, and in whatever he engaged, in that he ex- 
celled. So stupendous were his talents, and so patient 
was his industry, that no investigation presented difficul- 
ties which he could not conquer. In the class of men of 
intellect, he held the first rank. His eloquence was of 
the most interesting kind, and when new exertions were 
required, he rose in new strength, and touching at his 
pleasure every string of pity or terror, of indignation or 
grief, he bent the passions of others to his purpose. At 
the bar, he gained the first eminence. 

He undoubtedly discovered the predominance of a sol- 
dier's feelings •; and all, that is honor in the character of 
a soldier, was at home in his heart. His early education 
was in the camp; there the first fervors of his genius were 
poured forth, and his earliest and most cordial friendships 
formed ; there he became enamored of glory, and was ad- 
mitted to her embrace.* 



HENRY HUDSON. 

Henry Hudson, the discoverer of our state, was an emi- 
nent English navigator. Of the place of his birth, the 
manner in which he was educated, and the private circum- 
stances of his life, we have no account. He first made 
his appearance in 1607 ; and, during the three following 
years, immortalized his name by a series of the most bril- 
liant discoveries. 

Of his most important discoveries, and the manner of 
his death, some account has already been given. While 
on a voyage of discovery, a mutiny broke out among his 
crew, and Hudson was bound, and, with his son John, 
and seven of the most infirm of his men, put into an open 
boat, and abandoned to their fate, at the west end of the 
straits that now bear his name. The crew then proceeded 

*■ Allen's Biography. Ames's Sketch. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 



269 



to England : but landing near the mouth of the strait, four 
of them were killed by the savages. The remainder, after 
enduring the most severe sufferings, arrived at Plymouth, 
September, 1611 * 

*' The sensation produced in London, upon the disclo- 
sure of these tragical events, may be conceived to have 
been very great. Such indeed was the interest felt in 
England, that the London company, prompted by the 
benevolent motive of searching for Hudson and his com- 
panions, flattered also by the hope of discovering an un- 
explored passage at the west side of the bay, fitted out 
another expedition the following year, which, after winter- 
ing, returned, disappointed in both objects of search." 

" Hudson had become deservedly a favorite with a large 
portion of the British public. The English long regretted 
the loss of their countryman, whose achievements as a 
navigator had reflected honor on a nation already distm- 
guished for its illustrious seamen. Fludson's personal 
qualities and virtues, displayed during four voyages, at 
times which were calculated to try character, will ever be 
contemplated with admiration and pleasure ; but to the 
citizens of the state of New York, the character of this 
heroic navigator will be peculiarly the theme of eulogium, 
and his misfortunes the subject of regret." 

" Hudson was not faultless ; but no record imputes to 
his conduct any crime or wilful vice. He had at times 
that irritability of passion, which is so peculiarly the trait 
of those whose lives are passed upon the ocean. But few, 
who have so conflicted with its dangers, and at the same 
time combatted the turbulent dispositions of mutinous 
crews, could have preserved presence of mind, exercised 
moderation, and displayed magnanimity in a more exalted 
manner, than Hudson, His fa.ults, Vv^hatever they were, 
are eclipsed by the splendor of his virtues. When the 
river, which he discovered, shall display upon its banks, 
in a range of three hundred miles, a free, vigorous, and 
intelligent population, crowded into numerous additional 
cities, villages, seats, and farm houses, the merits of Hud- 
son will be reiterated with increased praise, while his name 
shall be handed down from generation to generation."! 

* Allen. t Yates and Moulton. 

23* 



^70 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 



FRANCIS LEWIS, 



Francis Leivis was born in March, 1713, at Landaff, 
in the shire of Glamorgan, South Wales, where his father 
was established as a protestant episcopal clergyman. Af- 
ter completing a classical education at Westminster school, 
he served a regular clerkship with a merchant in London ; 
and, at the age of twentyone, embarked, with a large 
amount of merchandise, to establish himself in mercantile 
business in the city of New York. 

In commercial and mercantile pursuits, Mr Lewis dis- 
played much enterprise and activity ; and, during the 
French war, rendered important services to the country. 
He was an active and distinguished member of the colo- 
nial assembly of 1765. In 1775, he was unanimously 
elected delegate to the colonial congress, and was one of 
the first to enrol his name among the *' sons of liberty," 
in the declaration of 1776. In 1777, he received the 
formal thanks of the state convention; and, the two fol- 
lowing years, was appointed to a seat in the general con- 
gress. In December, 1803, this venerable man, and ex- 
cellent citizen, was gathered to his fathers, bequeathing 
to his posterity a name, which will long flourish in the 
annals of liberty, affording a bright example of virtue and 
integrity."^ 



PHILIP LIVINGSTON. 

Philip Livingston was born at Albany, in January, 
1716. He was educated at Yale College, in Connecticut, 
where he graduated in 1737. He then directed his at- 
tention to commorcial pursuits ; and, by his integrity, sa- 
gacity, and comprehensive views, laid the foundation, and 
erected the superstructure of extraordinary prosperity. 

He commenced his career in public life in 1754, as an 
alderman of the east ward of the city of New York ; and, 
in 17.59, was returned by the freeholders of this city as a 
member of the assembly. In this body, he soon became 
conspicuous for his talents and devotedness to the interests 

* Wain. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 271 

of the people. In 1769, he declined an election for New 
York, and was returned a member of the house for the 
manor of Livingston. His liberal views, and powerful 
exertions in defending the rights of the citizens, soon after, 
rendered him obnoxious to the governor ; and, as a majority 
of the assembly were now under the influence of the crown, 
his seat in the house was vacated, by a vote of that body, 
on the plea of nonresidence. 

Mr Livingston was chosen a member of the first con- 
gress, which met at Philadelphia, 1774. He was, the 
following year, appointed president of the provincial con- 
gress, assembled at New York. In 1776, in conjunction 
with his colleagues, he affixed his signature to the Decla- 
ration of Independence, in behalf of the state of New York. 

During the recesses of the general congress, he rendered 
important services in the organization of the state govern- 
ment. In May, 1778, he took his seat in congress for the 
last time. Although feeble in body, and low in health, 
he consented to forego all considerations but those of pa- 
triotism ; and, at a distance from his family, willingly de- 
voted to his country the last hours of his life. He expired 
on the 12th' of June, at the age of sixty two years. 

# " 

WILLIAM LIVINGSTON. 

William Livingston, LL. D. governor of New Jersey, 
was born in the city of New York, about the year 1723, 
and was graduated at Yale College, in 174L He studied 
law, and possessing an understanding of great energy, a 
brilliant imagination, and a retentive memory, and devot- 
ing himself assiduously to the cultivation of his mind, he 
soon rose to distinction in the profession. He early ex- 
hibited himself an able and zealous advocate of civil and 
religious liberty, and employed his pen in vindicating the 
rights of the colonies against the arbitrary claims of the 
British. After enjoying several important offices in New 
York he removed to New Jersey, and as a representative 
of that state was one of the most distinguished of the con- 
gress of 1774. On the formation of a new constitution 
for that state in 1776 he was appointed the first governor, 
and was annually reelected to the office till his death in 
1790. He was characterized by simplicity in his man- 



272 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

neis, and ease, amiableness, and wit in his social inter- 
course. His writings display uncommon vigor, keenness, 
and refinement, and are often eloquent. He devoted him- 
self, during the revolution, ardently to the cause of his 
country, and did much by the shrewdness and severity of 
his writings both to encourage his countrymen and exas- 
perate the British.* 



ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON. 

Robert R. Livingston, chancellor of New York, and 
minister of the United States to France, was born in the 
city of New York, September 2d, 1747, and educated at 
King's College, where he was graduated in 1765. He 
studied law, and commenced its practice in New York, 
but was soon after appointed recorder of that city, and 
held the office till near the commencement of the revolu- 
tion, when he was dismissed by governor Tryon, on ac- 
count of his attachment to liberty. Mr Livingston boldly 
advocated the cause of his country at that crisis, was 
elected to a seat in the first congress, and was one of its 
ablest and most influential members. He was one of the 
committee which drew up the declaraUpn of independence, 
and on the establishment of the executive departments in 
1780 was appointed secretary of foreign affairs, and held 
the place till 1783. He was chosen in 1777 a member 
of the convention which formed the constitution of New 
York, and on its adoption was appointed chancellor of the 
state, and continued in that office till he went to France 
in 180L It was in that capacity that he administered the 
oath of office to president Washington on his first inaugu- 
ration. In 1788 he was a member of the convention of 
New York, which assembled to consider the constitution 
of the United States, and was a principal instrument in 
procuring its adoption. He was appointed minister to 
France in 1801, and rendered the most important services 
to his country while residing there, by negotiating the 
purchase of Louisiana, and procuring redress for the nu- 
merous spoliations by the French on the commerce of the 

* This article and the two following were taken with some imma- 
terial alterations from Lord's Dictionary. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 273 

United States. He returned to the United States in 1 805, 
and though not afterwards employed in public life, con- 
tinued to be eminently useful, by promoting the progress 
of the arts and agriculture. He was a principal founder 
and the president of the New York Academy of Fine Arts, 
and also of the Society for the promotion of agriculture. 
He died in Christian hope on the I5th of February, 1813, 
in his sixtyseventh year, lamented as one of the most dis- 
tinguished among his countrymen in talents, learning, 
public spirit, and usefulness. He possessed an active and 
vigorous mind, uncommon quickness of perception, was a 
profound lawyer and statesman, and ranked among the 
first Americans in eloquence. 



BROCKHOLST LIVINGSTON. 

Brockholst Livingston, judge of the supreme court of 
the United States, was the son of William Livingston, 
governor of New Jersey,, and was born in the city of New 
York, November 25th, 1757. He entered Princeton col- 
lege, but in 1776 left it for the field, and became one of 
the family of general Schuyler, commander of the northern 
army. He was afterwards attached to the suite of general 
Arnold, with the rank of major, and shared in the honors 
of the conquest of Burgoyne. In 1779 he accompanied 
Mr Jay to the court of Spain as his private secretary, and 
remained abroad about three years. On his return he 
devoted himself to law, and was admitted to practise 
in April, 1783. His talents were happily adapted 
to the profession, and soon raised him into notice, and 
ultimately to eminence. He was called to the b||nch of 
the supreme court of the state of New York, January 8th, 
1802, and in November, 1806, was transferred to that of 
the supreme court of the United States, the duties of which 
station he discharged with distinguished faithfulness and 
ability until his death, which took place during the sittings 
of the court at Washington, March 18th, 1823, in the 66th 
year of his age. He possessed a mind of uncommon 
acuteness and energy, and enjoyed the reputation of an 
accomplished scholar, an able pleader and jurist, an up- 
right judge, and a liberal patron of learning. 



274 HISTORY OF NEW YOllK. 



RICHARD MONTGOMERY. 

Richard 3Iontgoniery, a major general in the army of 
the United States, was born in the north of Ireland, in 
1737. He possessed an excellent genius, which was ma- 
tured by a fine education. Entering the army of Great 
Britain, he successfully fought her battles, with Wolfe, at 
Quebec, in 1759 ; and on the very spot where he was, 
afterwards, doomed to fall, when fighting against her, un- 
der the banners of freedom. 

He early imbibed an attachment to America ; and, af- 
ter his arrival in New York, purchased an estate, about 
one hundred miles from the city, and married a daughter 
of Judge Livingston. When the struggle with Great 
Britain commenced, as he was known to have an ardent 
attachment to liberty, and had expressed his readiness to 
draw his sword on the side of the colonies, the command 
of the continental forces, in the northern department, was 
entrusted to him and Gen. Schuyler, in the fall of 1775. 

By the indisposition of Schuyler, the chief command 
devolved upon him in October. After a succession of 
splendid and important victories, he appeared before Que- 
bec. In an attempt to storm the city, on the last of De- 
cember, this brave commander fell, by a discharge of 
grape shot, both of his aids being killed at the same time. 
In his fall, there was every circumstance united, that 
could impart fame and glory to the death of a soldier. 
His exit was deeply lamented, both in Europe and America. 
The American congress celebrated his funeral obsequies^ 
and ordered a monument to be erected to his memory. 



LEWIS MORRIS. 

Lewis Morris was born at Morrisania^ West Chester 
county, in the year 1726. He was educated at Yale Col- 
lege, where he graduated in 1746. He then returned to 
his paternal estate, and devoted his attention to the theory 
and practice of agriculture. His illustrious descent and 
jponuexions, his large possessions, and, above all, his pa- 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 275 

triotism and attachment to freedom, rendered him a con- 
spicuous member of the community ; and, in 1775, he was 
appointed a delegate to the general congress. 

Mr Morris was, very early, a determined advocate for 
independence, and affixed his signature to the celebrated 
declaration of 177G. His beautiful and valuable estate 
was soon after in the power of the enemy, and given up 
to plunder and conflagration. He relinquished his seat in 
congress, in 1777, to his brother, on which occasion the 
convention passed a resolution of thanks to him and his 
colleagues, " for their long and faithful services, rendered 
to the colony and state of New York." 

He was afterwards an important and highly valued 
member of the legislature, and an officer of the militia. 
As an officer, he contributed essentially to the effective 
organization and equipment of the militia of New York. 

He died in January, j798, in the seventysecond year 
of his age ; and his remains were interred, with military 
and civic honors, in the family vault at Morrisania.-^ 



GOUVERNEUR MORRIS. 

Gouverneur Morris, an eminent political character, was 
a descendant from the distinguished family of that name 
of Morrisania. He was born in 1751, and graduated at 
the college in New York, in 1768. He was called into 
public life at an early age, being elected a member of the 
T)rovincial legislature of New York in 1775. In 1777 he 
was a member of the convention which formed the con- 
stitution of that state, and was appointed one of the dele- 
gates to congress. He was a decided friend of independ- 
ence, and when the overtures for reconciliation were made 
known to congress by the British commissioners, in 1778, 
their rejection was advocated with great force of argument 
and poignancy of wit by Mr Morris and William Henry 
Drayton. Residing afterwards in Pennsylvania, he vv'as 
a delegate from that state to the convention wliich framed 
the constitution of the United States. He was one of the 
committee who revised the draught, and to whom it was 

* Sanderson. 



27G HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

indebted for the beauty and perspicuity of its style. In 
1792 he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to France. 
In that period of enthusiasm, an ardent attachment to the 
principles, and a cordial sympathy with the friends of the 
revolution was esteemed an indispensable qualification in 
the minister of the United States. But although a decided 
republican, he had too much wisdom not to doubt the ul- 
timate utility of some of the measures then pursuing in 
that kingdom, or to participate in the sanguine anticipa- 
tions of the leaders who directed them. In consequence, 
although his conduct was marked by the utmost prudence 
and urbanity, he failed to secure the confidence of the 
Directory, and when a request was made for the recall of 
Mr Genet, by. the American government, it was met by a 
similar one from that of France, in relation to Mr Morris, 
who returned to the United States in 1794, In 1797, he 
was elected a senator from the state of New York, in 
congress. He was a leading member of the federal party, 
and exercised a degree of influence which few other men 
possessed. His powers of eloquence were of the highest 
order. In the celebrated debate on the subject of abol- 
ishing the judiciary system, in 1802, he took an active 
part in conjunction with Mr Bayard and other distinguished 
statesmen, in opposition to that measure, and his speeches 
on that occasion were among the most powerful and im- 
pressive which have been knov/n in the annals of Ameri- 
can legislation. After his term as a senator expired, he 
retired to private life, to the enjoyment of an ample fortune, 
and the indulgence of a liberal hospitality. He married 
in 1809, a daughter of Thomas Randolph of Virginia, and 
died at his seat at Westchester, November 6th, 1816, agea 
65. In addition to his speeches in congress, several of 
his orations on various occasions were published. Among 
these the most celebrated were, one delivered before the 
corporation of New York, 1800, occasioned by the death 
of Washington ; and another delivered before an assembly 
of citizens convened to celebrate the downfal of the Em- 
peror, and the restoration of the Bourbons to the throne of 
France. He also published an Oration before the New 
York Historical Society in 1816.* 

* Lord. 



BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. 277 



PETER SCHUYLER. 



Peter Schmjler^ mayor of Albany, was distinguished 
for patriotism, and, by means of his popularity with the 
Indians, rendered important services to the Colony of 
New York, in securing their friendship and assistance 
during the wars with the French. In 1691, with a party 
of English and Mohawks, he attacked the French at the 
north end of Lake Champlain, and defeated them. He 
had great influence with the five Indian nations, and, in 
1710, went to England with five of their chiefs, for the 
purpose of exciting the government to expel the French 
from Canada. In 1719, he, being the oldest member of 
the council, held the chief command in the colony. — 
During his short administration, the public affairs were 
conducted with prudence and integrity. 



PHILIP SCHUYLER. 

Philip Schuyler, a major general in the revolutionary 
war, was born in 1731. He received his appointment 
from Congress in June, 1775, and was directed to proceed 
to Ticonderoga, and make preparations for entering Can- 
ada. Being taken sick in September, the command 
devolved upon Montgomery. On his recovery, he devoted 
himself zealously to the management of affairs in the 
northern department. On the approach of Burgoyne, in 
1777, he made every exertion to obstruct his progress, 
but the evacuation of Ticonderoga by St Clair, occasion- 
ing unreasonable jealousies in regard to Schuyler in New 
England, he was superseded by Gates, in August, and 
had the mortification to be recalled, when he was about 
to take ground, and face the enemy. 

He afterwards, though not in the regular service, ren- 
dered important services to his country in the military 
transactions of this State. He was a member of the old 
congress, and appointed a senator under the new federal 
constitution. He was again appointed senator in the 
place of Aaron Burr in 1797. He died at Albany in 
November, 1804, in the seventy third year of his age. 

He was distinguished by strength of intellect, and. 
24 



278 HISTORY OF NEW YORK. 

upright intentions, and was wise in the contrivance, and 
enterprising, and persevering, in the execution of plans 
of public utility. In private life, he was dignified, but 
courteous, a pleasing, and instructive companion, affec- 
tionate in his domestic relations, and just in his intercourse 
with mankind.* 



List of the Governors and Lieutenant Gov- 
ernors of the Colony arid State of New York, 
with ihe time of their appointment. 



DUTCH GOVERNORS. 




Peter Minuit, 
Wouter Van Twiller, 
William Kieft, 
Peter Stuyvesant, 


A. D. 1625. 
1633. 
1638. 
1647. 


ENGLISH GOVERNORS. 




Richard Nichols, 
Francis Lovelace, 


1664. 
1667. 



Anthony Colve, governor during the 

temporary possession of the Dutch, 1673. 

Edward Andros, 1674. 

Thomas Dongan, 1682. 

Francis Nicholson, Lieut. 1688. 

Jacob Leisler, 1689. 

Henry Sloughter, 1691. 

Richard Ingolsby, President, 1692. 

Benjamin Fletcher, Gov. 1692. 

Richard Earl of Bellomont, 1698. 

John Nanfan, Lieut, acted, 1701. 

Lord Cornbury arrived, 1702. 
John, Lord Lovelace, baron of Husley, 1708. 



Allen. 



LIST OF GOVERNORS, 279 

Richard Ingolsby, Lieut, aded^ 1709. 

Gerandus Beekman, President, 1710. 

Robert Hunter, Gov. 1710. 

Peter Schuyler, President, 1719. 

Wilham Burnet, Gov. 1720. 

James Montgomery, 1728. 

Rip Van Dam, President, 1731. 

WiUiam Crosby, Gov. 1732. 

George Clarke, President, 1736. 
Mr Clarke soon after appointed Lieut. 

Gov. 1736. 

George Clinton, 1743. 

Danvers Osborn, 1753. 

James De Lancey, Lieut. Gov. 1753. 

Sir Charles Hardy, Gov. 1755. 

James De Lancey, Lieut. Gov. 1757. 

Cadwallader Colden, President, 1760. 

Mr Colden appointed Lieut. Gov. 1761. 

Robert Monckton, Gov. 1762. 

Mr Colden, Lieut. Gov. - 1763. 

Henry Moore, Gov. 1765. 

Mr Colden, Lieut. Gov. 1769. 
John Earl of Dunmore, Gov. ^ 1770. 

William Try on, Gov. 177L 

Mr Colden, Lieut. Gov. acted, 1771. 

William Try on, Gov. 1775. 

STATE GOVERNORS. 

George Clinton, 1777. 

John Jay, 1795*. 

George Clinton, 1801. 

Morgan Lewis, 1804. 

Daniel D. Tompkins, 1 807. 

De Witt Clinton, 1817. 



)^^ 



Errata. — Page 6, first line, for imhroken, read broken. Page 
19, third \ixie,fov increase of animals, red^^ productions of animal 
life. Page 21, eighteenth line, after /jecwZiarZt/, insert ^»ed. Page 
54, third line from bottom, for submitted, read acceded. 



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